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d.write("var wordMap = new Array(\" leyton leytonstone historical society offers  site last updated september 2010 history from dots with plenty spaces bottom drawer recollections photos memorabilia magazine style articles \",\" contacting leyton leytonstone historical society  encourage comments queries suggestions complaints about this website which together david boote co-ordinator research publications working group  membership secretary  email postmaster leytonpast info contact email forest drive west london above want hear from anyone with memories copies photos anything else past \",\" high road leyton near bakers' bakers arms kingston midland station green whipps cross queens staffa industrial estate memories filed street holloway denmark street wood harvey dyers hall lancaster poppleton rhodesia ashville \",\" memories filed ‘subject' ‘subject commuting after wanstead park \",\" memories filed person woman leyton councillor \",\" fetter lane congregational church churches \",\" about this site this website provides opportunity share memories leyton leytonstone photos written recollections surviving scraps paper objects project historical society note copyright often possible know took photo found drawer loft might have will contact them permission  should person that appears please email postmaster leytonpast info without hesitation \",\" schools mayville farmer road george mitchell leyton county high school girls colworth \",\" institutional homes hutchison home children \",\" high road leyton near bakers' bakers arms ‘british restaurants' restaurants david chapman tells about local ones readers will remember food rationing during years could supplement your diet eating restaurants were off-ration this caused some resentment rich able muddle along fine style taking west-end restaurant after theatre result national coalition government first introduced price capping then 1942 they opened chain british these set-up supply meals reasonable especially useful those suffered from blitz told that schoolchildren expected obese 2020 avoid cancer recommended more than metric equivalent dollop meat week knock back units alcohol  yet days last world said households very healthily  then perhaps should reintroduce rationing? back streets index \",\" street party 1953 celebrate coronation majesty queen elizabeth photo supplied charlie middleton more about kingston road leytonstone \",\"  pack writes about wartime high road leyton midland station green wireless sprang into life turn knob nation held their breath anticipation announcement they been dreading cosy living room philip lillian macdonald down with nine year kathleen seven john hear statement which would change lives 'this this morning british ambassador sent message berlin saying unless troops withdraw from poland o'clock oclock will declare state undertaking received this country germany turned looked wife 'these these serious times lily said solemnly 'let's lets pray over christmas however time went became clear that drastic steps have taken order protect people against imminent air-raids anderson air-raid shelters began arrive funny little corrugated igloos were placed dugout bottom garden underground stations cellars designated anyone caught outdoors when warning sounded black tape stuck windows crisscross patterns prevent glass splintering should bomb nearby blackout curtains keep traces light being seen gatling guns bridge shoot enemy aircraft john's johns grandmother prayed broken trusting preserve them throughout even though other houses hers still intact \",\" from mervyn carroll landlord told that part epping forest between home [whipps cross road] hollybush hill snaresbrook road site italian prisoner camp world said common land been surrounded very high wire fence pows used slip small amounts money through would them sweets other things local shops cycle around bomb craters also electric tramcars along whipps  they made noise bright flashes whenever their wires crossed over contact points which were strung lamp posts stretched  i'm trying record more memories this area native pair street poles outside house \",\" john harris writes response keith tjaden brought queens road leytonstone  keith sparked memories  for short time paper alice lady mentioned when stand close tube station newly made gardens where fairlop fillebrook opposite powell's powells near hole wall flower shop recall collecting round from basement erith's eriths builders merchants high memory serves well would hear factory hooter  when heard this knew leave school does anyone know what might have been enough hooter? davies lane 1951 remember being home teachers through thick smog very exciting pocket money left each with penny which usually spent farthing chews black jacks during summer holidays such lovely heading hollow ponds plastic flask water threepence huge arrowroot biscuit looked across pond dreamt going boat course never happened were content climb trees carve initials tree wonderful naive childhood will cherish forever remembers back main list contents ‘bottom drawer' drawer \",\" worked cossor during part effort made racks radar sets understand they were situated argall estate then walthamstow would tell more careless talk costs lives they radio before david chapman staffa road industrial \",\" gloria brockwell thorne heart still very much roots leytonstone although haven't havent been back while understand that changed quite from area knew born holloway road 1943 where stayed until married 1964 at methodist church high reception being held holy trinity birkbeck used bath swim cathall baths attend welcome mission sunday school girl guides mayville first school goodall second both demolished belonged cinema minors went rialto academy cinemas avoided state could just recall going tram to when young and also remember trolley buses think running past harrow green often coming their rails having stop relocate them with pole when moved windsor leyton then dunedin near football ground ruckholt manor school and coronation gardens more  holloway road was occupied some time 1870 1871 land belonged holywell priory nunnery shoreditch most street 1960s construction council housing estate \",\" denmark street  was first occupied some time 1870 1871 demolished 1966 construction cathall council housing estate coronation party 1953 photo provided gloria brockwell \",\" wood street party 1945 photo provided gloria brockwell between leytonstone high road holloway it was first occupied some time 1861 1870 disappeared after 1965 construction cathall council housing estate \",\" snowed again night well downstairs good cuppa from teapot range bowl steaming porridge rasher with fried bread then it's wellingtons greatcoat shovel away snow-drift outside front door work careful slip day-upon-day compacted snow trudge station early folk clearing pavement their houses after last night's nights downfall there's theres arthur wadley dairy delivering milk dragging sled over -‘morning arthur' when deep crisp even keith tjaden commuting rise fillebrook road cross alice news-stand bottom gainsborough bridge ‘morning daily sketch please thanks' thanks 'hurry hurry you'll youll miss your train' train bridge quick look parapet signal round corner into lemna past open site where some fourteen lovely victorian were laid waste german rocket throes kirkdale infants school evacuated 1939 battery factory rialto cinema coal offices stamping boots booking hall across wooden floor ticket office ‘workman's ‘workmans return liverpool street –thank you' platform just time ongar steams slowly carriages capped good window seat slam settle down read paper gamages advertising field telephones liquid compasses much heating carriage today leyton stratford stepney bethnal green gradient red-caps barrier this morning \",\" memories wanstead park from jo-ann buck 1930s family father mother elder brother ernie lived scotts road leyton next door father's fathers parents many summer sunday four would walk bushwood passing leg-of-mutton pond another route part golf course arriving half-way down glade 'camp' camp edge trees then some jumping over fallen logs park-keepers' park-keepers cottages where cricketing gear folding chairs were lodged keepers with whose become friends they daughters whom peggy about pearl years younger their name adams with sometimes stranger play very informal cricket match pausing frequent cups ‘pop' ‘pop picnic corned beef tomatoes crisps mostly bananas cream nothing best other park-keeper's park-keepers cockell daughter might occasionally round large lake bottom think can't cant recall against instructions contrary there weren't werent people take canoe originally been grounds mansion house which stood near church built early 18th century demolished 1824 belonged william pole wellesley tylney long  virtue having married heiress junction overton drive blake hall still ornate stone gateposts beginning entrance drive perhaps leytonians like these names places holman back main list contents ‘bottom drawer' drawer \",\" elected leyton borough council harrow green ward 1953 represented until amalgamation boroughs 1965 when leyton's leytons last deputy mayor single woman found prejudice appointed chair libraries committee prestigious then within three years election signal privilege inspiring town clerk derek osborne internationally recognised librarian edward sydney remained that approximately seven suggested change presto much valued vice george robinson outstanding local family became myself during councillor benefited from knowledge experience many women aldermen councillors  king hammond burnell dare pearson another housing whose name slips memory  and they were tough  the same values applied male colleagues particularly cherish quality béchervaise reynolds councillor's councillors gostling back main list contents ‘bottom drawer' drawer \",\" fetter lane congregational church photos from 1957 supplied ranford wife minister that time back main list contents ‘bottom drawer' drawer \",\" mayville school teachers boys photographed floor including miss catchpole perhaps headmaster  photo provided jack brown pupil 1920s caretaker \",\" hutchison home children unlabelled photo unknown photographer rescued sheila bird from refitting lord nelson newark nottinghamshire back main list contents ‘bottom drawer' drawer \",\" high road leyton near bakers' bakers arms restaurants were opened between staffed salaried workers supported volunteers specimen menus consisted savoury mince cabbage haricots with baked mashed potatoes steamed syrup roll roast pork rice prunes stewed steak dumplings carrots sultana haricot beans milk tart meat cost shilling kiddies under fifteen sweets coffee mention british favourites brown windsor soup spotted dick perhaps this prevent someone saying they wanted well don't dont dear david chapman restaurants first modern electric showrooms close baker's recent photo above next door swimming baths this march 1942 seating served 1500 main meals week second branch bridge august 1943 slightly larger serving some 2000 factories argall estate involved effort back streets index \",\" kingston road leytonstone charlie middleton lived crownfield from 1931 1957 acacia near harrow green 1965 worked great stratford railway depot just after second world through nationalisation rationalisation into neglect  his father same name also fireman engine driver written excellent short book about time railways ‘stratford locoman remembers' remembers isbn 95064735 spring 1967 before demolition photo stan \",\" high road leyton midland station green order protect against attacks both adults children were issued with gas-masks little square boxes kathleen's kathleens shape mickey mouse john's johns donald duck that made wearing them better kathleen hated gas-mask drill school confining rubbery smell over face nose feel sick when playtime came couldn't couldnt dripping sandwiches changed friend june bread instead time passed air-raids became more frequent evacuation began this frightening most three years before been sent away leonard's-on-sea leonards-on-sea convent suffered from asthma felt would good meant parted family some months traumatic experience nine year girl dreaded thought being separated parents much agreed mother should accompany john lily managed find employment farmer austell cornwall great sadness said goodbye phillip boarded steam train paddington there memorable times remembers boarding going fishing town mevagissey woman onto crab size dinner-plate floor while paying fare down aisle anything crawly scared stiff stood seat wouldn't wouldnt \",\" working life also both leyton leytonstone first years with refrigeration spares harrow green then arcola meteor shoes high road favourite where employed chubb sons hobbs hart chatwood milner were lock safe manufacturers staffa another recall from childhood rosina pulleys dancing school holloway back streets index \",\" commuting after quick dash down central line coppers into ticket machine cram first train leaving from platform hold fast strap hanger avoid being jostled each station passengers smoking make pretty stuffy warmer than outside door footplate gives carriage date 1928 tottenham court road it's upstairs oxford street freezing slush through soho square slip annes cross dean wardour berwick market broadwick with trenchard house police famous pump site opposite john snow corner lexington clock-in thaw workshop coke stove then apron bench until lunch hour with luck won't wont snowing again when finish work tonight footnote journey above typical apprentice sixty years winters really were cold summer sunburnt your annual week's weeks holiday clacton restored wadley dairy hand milk cart sled seen vestry museum when finally came leytonstone workman's workmans return circus victorian doctor traced cause local deaths cholera polluted water cured outbreak disabling observed that brewery workers drank beer made well didn't didnt catch disease keith tjaden guessed times lengths journeys rather been able remember them passage time what memories this brought back harris back main list contents ‘bottom drawer' drawer \",\" mayville school road schools exterior commercial photo \",\" high road leyton midland station green farm where they stayed basic farmer mean were only allowed bath once week this front kitchen fire other times wash rain barrel garden being careful wireworms which wriggled about water farmer's farmers meanness became much lily measured each morning accused children having very angry worked hard decided would home worried phillip there also hair-raising moments night when air-raid siren went washing sink 'come come leave that said anxiously minute phil replied 'i'm busy however because noise getting loud relented shelter when came back after clear large piece shrapnel come through roof landed just stood another time kathleen shopping sounded making their heard doodlebug suddenly stopped they explosion thought house bomb wiped most claude turnings from lived towards peter born babies conceived during raids john little brother care course life goes eventually 1945 great celebrations long before things normal again affects everyone still affecting people today written memory mother ruth macdonald 1930-1994 especially goddaughter emma norwood whom loved back streets index \",\" mayville school road class with jack brown front left chair photo provided \",\" mayville road school class 1923 photo provided jack brown \",\" mayville school empire 1923 road with perhaps fred dennire raymond golding jack brown photo provided \",\" mayville school \",\" bonfire cheneys road armistice 11th november 1918 photo supplied cann hall baptist church more about area leytonstone road was first occupied some time around 1887 1888  the inspiration street name known developed manby-colegrave family owned property estate originally parish wanstead later transferred leyton local authority \",\" photo from cheneys road resident street party probably celebrating firet world left sign looking like brewery advert know none this terrace location licence supplied cann hall baptist church back leytonstone \",\" farmer road school later renamed george mitchell notes talk martin spafford leyton leytonstone historical society 11th june 2008 website building opened 1903 temporary school park 1900 really separate schools infants' infants ground floor boys junior middle girls there entrance each with mainly large hall playground brick walls dividing areas were entrances juniors going stairs that their only through this standard design seen elsewhere such davies lane \",\" farmer road school later renamed george mitchell during world installation phones leyton schools judged expensive warning raids given scouts church fire station rota half stints running scout each school jack cornwell attended infants briefly february 1917 painting hung presence mother 13th june close because enemy aircraft nearby there real fear bombing during january 1918 disrupted amount queuing people time food shortage 1932 girls junior left building prepared evacuation pupils countryside initial plans were cancelled when chamberlain's chamberlains munich agreement with hitler announced closed september 1939 partially reopened 1940 initial north weald bassett devon some spent former canadian military camp sheephatch which some least fond memories \",\" farmer road school later renamed george mitchell notes talk martin spafford leyton leytonstone historical society 11th june 2008 october 1940 string bombs dropped across area killing skeltons lane members breeden family made cricket bats other destroyed houses opposite school site which ‘dt' centre built 1950s another bomb fell rear breaking most glass that side schools were closed following during raids pupils taken trenches height blitz spent time there mitchell's mitchells ‘citation' ‘citation 1948 boys junior left building trips mainly factories like ford dagenham ever ready 1957 became secondary modern 1987 co-educational books maintained head teachers inspection attendance committee they concentrate staff effective resource teaching history young because they direct tangible have locational immediacy pupils undertake their research into aspect researched before written language easily understood today earlier ones clear handwriting wonderful historical documents last entry could tell visit] 16th february 1973 \",\" streets topics reminiscences churches schools institutional homes contents section leyton leytonstone within living memory history shopping streets \",\" anglo-saxon period domesday quest michael wood anglo-saxons mystery they have provided england with most place-names common words english language there been only limited survival from earlier buildings landscape features objects written records some places medieval settlement found overlie which over roman good many saxon settlements were different sites romano-british known villas location later manor houses after land divided into estates pattern manors developed though this perhaps extent reversion pre-roman landholdings thought covered network minster churches before parishes within bishoprics leyton came administrative ‘hundred' ‘hundred becontree centred barking likely that christian centre photo page carved stone church dunstan stepney countryside seems taken form under communities formed people living groups hamlets villages towns became religious observance supported priest boundaries these kinds communities approximate relationship each other \",\" anglo-saxon period francis pryor ‘britain middle ages archaeological history' history ‘the countryside' countryside oliver rackham illustration http commons wikimedia wiki image lime_tree quoted flooding marshes beside river made them better pasture settlements were often located nearest land floodplain down east side valley string manor houses close overlooking just higher ground left each stretching west into belt forest wasteland which survives today ruckholt most southerly what waltham forest others leyton grange mark house hall higham benstede chingford paul earls there also moated house ‘godsalves' ‘godsalves 1547 where etloe later built church road parish wanstead extended including became cann presumably these manors exploited their section hay-meadow water power boat transport fishing eel-catching wildfowl hornbeam beech relatively well when wood grazed lime trees not 4 lime disappeared completely from epping this radical change completed presumably fully wood-pasture edge mainly hornbeam with oaks time domesday book prepared villages church mass would said baptisms marriages burials performed foundation each must have been instigated very least assisted local lord parishes number areas boundaries giving adjacent parishes piece types available stretches through fields heath woods that form main establishment churches thought landowners' landowners initiative {catalogue maps essex record office 1566-1855 published 1947 edited emmison appendix detached parts vestry museum shelf item 169q used word ‘lord' ‘lord suggest some continuity between societies england norman many contain \",\" anglo-saxon period these sections currently available  later victorian edwardian times 1890 1919 between world wars 1939 second 1945 1965 1979 1997 onwards bottom drawer recollections photos memorabilia leyton leytonstone clicking this arrow ‘turns page' page were reading book contacting about contents website explained 1979-97 1727 accession george 1793 execution louis france 1688 reigns william mary anne 1642 civil ‘glorious revolution' revolution \",\" urban landscape social classes open spaces lammas lands parks quality transport population ethnic community feeling poor health water supply religion nonconformity radicalism education libraries business alcohol consumption pubs famous people came from leyton leytonstone first world contents this section where lived ratepayers' ratepayers association clicking arrow ‘turns page' page were reading book later victorian edwardian times 1890 1919 contents housing employment leisure about copying parts website \",\" leyton landscape high brick walls around mansions cricket ground workhouse bethnal green boys' boys home there uniformity street housing usually described ‘dreary' ‘dreary streets built between 1860s first world were almost two-storey terraces exceptions some ‘villas' ‘villas vicarage road taller houses north-west fillebrook leytonstone most them demolished construct dual carriageway only small proportion designed with servants' servants quarters with covering whole area came lighting urban continued shape place local authority always number centres within this diffuse character increased when covered tottenham forest gate railway company barking gospel line stations high roads away from existing train service started 1894 location remains anomalous later victorian edwardian times 1890 1919 \",\" anglo-saxon period your landscape detective investigating where are' richard muir ‘the origins british prehistory britain ireland from ice-age hunter gatherers vikings revealed analysis' analysis stephen oppenheimer more efficient type plough with mould-board turn surface face-down replaced scratch-plough around this time leyton walthamstow were populated scattered hamlets presumably reflecting piecemeal clearance trees bushes agriculture might have been final intervention landscape already transformed prehistoric people woodland remained along fillebrook stream could provide acorns beechmast feed pigs top-growing part hollybushes winter animal fodder well wood fuel materials used thought that repopulated iron ‘celts' ‘celts later driven england saxons angles jutes component which characteristics particular living forms passed generation next scientific recent years identify those guilty murder other serious crimes appears show modern populations mainly reflect initial settlement northern europe after last migration into isles then until middle ages traced alive provides small their ethnic identity summarises research showing ancestors ethnically english today arrived long before first farmers these figures dwarf perception celtic ethnicity based concepts massive invasions individual event contributed than tenth genetic interestingly charles dickens child's childs history england' sees possessing same spirit defiance invaders britons does call them celts gauls resisted julius caesar though accepts view however they settled moulded significant extent \",\" anglo-saxon period wikipedia francis pryor ‘britain middle ages archaeological history' history stephen pewsey andrew brooks ‘east saxon heritage essex gazetteer' gazetteer king offa mercia founded monastery albans photo left later norman abbey dedicated romano-british martyr alban this suggests that aimed strengthening loyalty british non-anglo-saxon population kingdom famous having ditch bank built between england wales well least from rushock hill herefordshire llanfynydd flintshire known precious metal find locations have clusters opposite east side isle wight kent ipswich south wash london area where tributaries like river thames these thought been trading places with good access boat barking such 'productive productive site' site finds kings accumulated status possessions some were found recently rich burial prittlewell near southend religious communities even goods being exchanged trade just exercise power network linked carolingian byzantine abbasid empires town rare glass factory both nuns monks largest parish included ilford large manor which given east royal family could draw resources hainault forest what effect strong neighbour leyton know \",\" anglo-saxon period ‘east saxon heritage essex gazetteer' gazetteer stephen pewsey andrew brooks ‘domesday quest' quest michael wood environmental assessment annexures 2012 olympics planning delivery zone archaeological detailed desk based talk london middlesex society andy crockett senior project manager wessex archaeology march 2008 pottery also been found waltham abbey near site later large monastery there settlement ford stratford market depot revetment gibbins yard log-boat 1000 springfield park clapton 1987 greater area including leyton intersection between kingdoms mercia east anglia kent itself nationally significant 1018 paid canute compared with £ 72 other areas channel pattern dates back least 11th century edge valley gradually drained section some roads like marsh lane surviving record ends recent excavations have confirmed work managing channels religion relics objects both religious significance magical properties continued prominent christianity stories miracles martyrdom veneration holy women turned away from individuals groups practising extreme even competitive asceticism towards communities worshipping together religious competed gain possession relics high travel touch relic important \",\" about footnotes references sources given most authoritative from which statement been taken against different measured this academic work contents page explained abbreviation used this website london borough waltham forest's forests local studies library archive located vestry house museum walthamstow council's councils http walthamforest \",\" contents page explained about copying parts this website compiler outline history leyton leytonstone david boote encourages everyone send comments queries suggestions complaints  email postmaster leytonpast info \",\" outline history leyton written david boote hope those read disagree with definitive this there more questions than answers huge gaps some ways pile empty boxes waiting filled invited correct mistakes offer alternative views judgements made opinions expressed mine unless stated otherwise personal representative leytonstone historical society section victoria county history remains authority local area packed hard facts very carefully researched have carried immense work needed verify accuracy believe there need present value will give readers introduction past locality suggest aspects which would interesting look into deeply couple themes shape person's persons sense identity other man-made landscape know that neil houghton much qualified write seeing early prospect making knowledge judgement available trying fill this academic references sources given most authoritative from statement been taken against different measured copying parts this website extent summary original rather repeating based research others unless photos were part directly indirectly only strict condition authorship acknowledged subsequent copy text \",\" abbreviation used this website london borough waltham forest's forests local studies library archive located vestry house museum walthamstow council's councils http walthamforest victoria county history leyton within volumes essex british-history catalogue aspx?gid=12 mary savell libraries reference section notable historian much work should collection \",\" people coming going higher proportion leyton residents moved into area than almost anywhere else though this true also neighbours west east walthamstow edmonton unusually high were leaving when houses desirable those more cramped accommodation nearer centre london represented improvement lifestyle status doing well financially would tempted move social ‘ladder-climbing' ‘ladder-climbing effectively town inhabitants with deep roots this period when covered county council moving 1911 census table later victorian edwardian times 1890 1919 lived leytonstone jerry white ‘london twentieth century city people' people quoting 1901 census section \",\" later victorian edwardian times 1890 1919 social classes 1901 walthamstow forest gate clapham peckham kilburn were named places which many clerks lived they least typical leyton 1894 greatest users library survey against school teachers engineers following them cabinet makers carpenters police officers customs board trade officials children students milliners dressmakers shop assistants ‘metropolitan' ‘metropolitan london 1891 quarter white collar households servant household have would marked particularly wealthy layard lower-middle-class budget' budget cornhill magazine series quoted geoffrey crossick ‘the lower middle class britain 1870-1914' 1870-1914 express independent saturday july first year newspaper cutting page numbered wire collection news cuttings shelf item taken from charles booth's booths ‘life labour people london' hugh mcleod ‘white collar values role religion' religion essay within edited renting policy warner estates instrumental restricting their estate bridge road those secure employment no-one warner's warners flat without good reference regular found there people like policemen worked buses could rent regularly wfohw interview number \",\" later victorian edwardian times 1890 1919 social classes working-class community created james street walthamstow using cheap trains liverpool station leyton's leytons equivalents were around harrow green former leyton grange manor station line \",\" later victorian edwardian times 1890 1919 first world night 31st june 1915 with full moon german airship dropped grenades florence street park grove road granleigh dyer's dyers hall fillebrook leytonstone people were slightly injured 17th 18th august bomb baker's bakers avenue leyton which demolished flats shattered windows street women children bombs fell grounds almshouses badly damaging tramway depot causing slight fire breaking shops dunton damaged house broke others farmer south railway around midland station booking office billiard saloon arch broken mary fletcher wesleyan chapel woman killed charles nicholson remembered father billiards under station third outside door like front glass flying opposite side road night-watchman cabin \",\" later victorian edwardian times 1890 1919 first world continued incendiary bombs fell grosvenor road bomb claude wrecking house breaking glass woman child were killed device murchison incendiaries albert damaged slightly hurt twickenham caused small fire casualties oakdale another ashville homes broke windows others killing injuring women children augustine's augustines church lincoln street gutted building another mayville kitchen southwell grove demolished backs houses osborne home leave answer telegram telling father's fathers death overheard conversation about raid leytonstone much surprise concerned what shock when turned corner found that lost where mother? been saved seeing picture through twice premier cinema pigeons alive after being under bricks rafters debris survived last from airship near boating lake wanstead flats private they come raids london during 1914-1918 john hook 1987 shelf item during they opened soup down railway arch lansdowne used there cost half penny little bowl piece suet pudding with currants there rationing survival fittest wfohw interview \",\" later victorian edwardian times 1890 1919 landscape created that secular therefore non-denominational local government wanted presence noticed though leyton's leytons multi-centred character limited impact hackney obtained first town hall 1802 parish church tower bank larger mare street 1837 west landmark town hall stratford broadway 1868 poplar opened local offices 1870 corner woodstock terrace bromley limehouse 1871 walthamstow's walthamstows orford road 1876 urban nikolaus pevsner ‘london except cities london westminster' westminster ‘the buildings england' england series late 19th earlier 20th were time greatest british patriotism representative western european culture which almost deified nation-state cause worth giving life high value also placed individualism started with romanticism this confirmed pride taken explorers such david livingstone scott antarctic grandeur halls shows nationalism could coexist person lived leyton completed 1883 public library designed knight been architect mile vestry bancroft 1865 1896 replacement built next more ornate photo this page \",\" open spaces lammas lands august 1892 leyton people musgrave humphreys pittam exercised their rights ‘commoners' ‘commoners enter valley marsh meadows season this entailed pulling newly laid railway track which connected metropolitan water company's companys bridge road filter beds line between stratford cambridge later victorian edwardian times 1890 1919 \",\" leyton's leytons first public park james lane recreation ground called abbotts park pictured above section leigh road donated property developer abbott family parks coronation gardens photo opened near town hall 1903 report public offices open spaces committee july 1902 ‘coronation oral history urban park' published waltham forest workshop later victorian edwardian times 1890 1919 \",\" quality coal coke heating cooking industrial processes ubiquitous refuse collected council included rakings from fires which still contained combustible material when burnt incinerator ‘dust destructor' destructor started operation auckland road october 1896 pairs furnaces burning council's councils refuse continuous heat generated power sewage works' works steam engines reduced about hard clinker form sold 1885 building 1897 pumps walthamstow equivalent survive part pump house steam transport museum south access prevailing south-westerly winds blew smoke london towards leyton urban district surveyor's surveyors report year ending 31st march later victorian edwardian times 1890 1919 \",\" temporary ‘fever hospital' hospital opened 1891 near council sewage works auckland road medical officer health claimed that this position provided fresh well keeping people distance hospital moved 1896 higher ground nearer housing further from sewage works used mainly scarlet fever diptheria cases local woman remembered sister aged years dying early 1900s diphtheria which recorded toxic poisoning certificate presumably conceal level infectious disease allowed visitors isolation jenny hammond became member leyton shocked year wooden building next ‘dust destructor' destructor health report peskett presented july wfohw interview reference number there problem 19th with outbreaks infection killing many babies hottest summer months weather resulted deaths diarrhoea victims less than august cases were down september leyton's leytons ‘zymotic death-rate' death-rate 1000 annum london average sanitary committee 18th october 1898 22nd west poor union infirmary 1903 acres grounds forest house cost £186 criticised extravagant only meant sick whose families could look after them later victorian edwardian times 1890 1919 \",\" health continued britain 1895-1918 michael byrne later victorian edwardian times 1890 1919 national insurance 1911 provided poorer workers their families with free medical care well weekly payment whilst they were sick work mother remembered paying penny week into fund children could only treated walked from downsell road home doctor cann hall wfohw interview reference number \",\" later victorian edwardian times 1890 1919 water supply july 1896 weather forced company hours back even further report medical officer health sanitary committee 22nd september \",\" later victorian edwardian times 1890 1919 leyton ratepayers' ratepayers association first generations move into area mass housing strong interest installation services such sewerage pipes disposal many must have sympathised with wish mark community grand town hall other hand there more than usual dislike taxation formed 1903 early life dominated campaign conjunction like-minded people west reduce expenditure poor union guardians including exposure corruption killed himself were sentenced penal servitude 1907 candidates elected urban district council 1904 undertook directly through representation committees range activities that included encouraging planting street trees using unemployed extend hollow ponds removing children from workhouse small homes persuading post office metropolitan police great eastern railway company upgrade local leytonstone alcohol \",\" later victorian edwardian times 1890 1919 leyton community around britain including south wales central scotland people moved work coalmines heavy industry ports commercial offices jobs places only minority remained historic villages that lord manor village church hierarchy which changed slowly surprisingly expressions regret this change have been recorded person could secrets from neighbours vicar landlord long housing terraces truly private life possible same time widely felt need part strong outlets celebration royal family coronation wedding jubilee with street processions members british armed forces acting guards honour successes empire-building were celebrated period first world patriotism most pervasive \",\" later victorian edwardian times 1890 1919 protestant worship other than church england leyton walthamstow were covered network nonconformist chapels some which rivalled established church confidence their siting architecture such mary fletcher methodist near midland station seems have less lively community compared with large shernhall street striking lighthouse markhouse road prominent marsh long-standing quaker religious ‘christian brethren' brethren rebuilt hall goldsmith 1912 married amongst themselves surnames including offord simson syme blake lived that neighbourhood some nonconformists area george andrew hutchison editor ‘boy's ‘boys paper' paper religious tract society provide exciting stories sensational subject matter ‘penny dreadfuls' dreadfuls 1913 death bank what henry reynolds gardens then pond edge epping forest members lister family sycamore house leytonstone high extracts from history compiled eric collen ‘buildings' ‘buildings folder \",\" later victorian edwardian times 1890 1919 radical politics working-class community created james street walthamstow using cheap trains liverpool station which supported strong political movement headed joseph mcsheedy leyton's leytons equivalent around harrow green contrast notable strength high anglican churches holy trinity margaret antioch neil houghton ‘london-over-the-border politics suburban 1870-1914' 1870-1914 london 1760–1914 edited matthew cragoe antony taylor more radical came from west where majority board guardians poor might favour generous public expenditure preference given provocative physical form glorious infirmary whipps cross \",\" later victorian edwardian times 1890 1919 ethnic between 1904 1914 jewish population east fell from arrivals poland elsewhere sought less cramped unhygienic desperate locations hampstead north-west london option north-east including leyton another there district social union with philip greenberg secretary ‘jewish illustrated history' history gerry black paperback edition kellys lists this high road whether leytonstone stated \",\" role religion education controversial long time ‘national schools' schools been founded before state-funded they tried keep their independence close association with church england 1894 only council-run ‘board' ‘board schools wanstead were those part that local authority which later transferred leyton ‘wanstead slip' slip included cann hall crownfield roads 1 education victorian edwardian times 1890 1919 express independent saturday june severed newspaper cutting page numbered 348b wire collection news cuttings shelf item almanack bound 'chronology chronology events influence urbanisation politics elementary provision administration school board 1874 1904 brian farrer then kirkdale road harrow green newport mayville went open bridge 1891 capworth street 1896 ruckholt 1898 goodall connaught farmer 1900 davies lane 1901 national give struggle against rates-funded accepted transfer control leytonstone closed 1876 because opening \",\" later victorian edwardian times 1890 1919 libraries campaign started free public library leyton which harrow green head teacher alfred phillip wire writing newspapers 1891 support another campaigner pittam also leader protect lammas lands from encroachment first opened 1893 building still used high road been built town hall photo below express independent saturday 27th free library numbered collection news cuttings shelf item \",\" later victorian edwardian times 1890 1919 famous people came from area leytonstone every must have sons daughters gained fame between first world birthplace number eric ashby born 1904 fairlop road photo above left commercial clerk became botanist developing research with results that could analysed statistically 1938 professor botany university sydney advising australian government using science second after strengthening higher education between 1944 1945 scientific counsellor moscow moved manchester 1950 appointed vice-chancellor belfast from 1958 master clare college cambridge right 1967-69 time student unrest around world died 1992 having been knighted 1956 made baron life therefore spent what call ‘the knowledge economy' economy took interest scientific capability soviet union just ahead cold published books these subjects including university students' students assertiveness wikipedia \",\" later victorian edwardian times 1890 1919 famous people came from area journalist charles eade born 10th june 1903 grove green road photo above left auctioneer became public relations adviser lord mountbatten supreme allied commander south-east asia edited printed collections churchill's churchills speeches died 1964 home bleak house broadstairs right house hill eric ashby harry beck reginald horace blyth george bolton coles fanny cradock frank dobson dyke kenneth farnes henry fehr james hilton ullyett \",\" later victorian edwardian times 1890 1919 famous people came from area sculptor henry fehr lived worked shrublands adjoining royal lodge leytonstone high road 1886 1892 1893 created ‘perseus andromeda' andromeda which 1894 selected permanent piece west balcony tate gallery london photo above frank dobson attended harrow green school leyton technical institute 1901 census living cobden since demolished office aged with father 'watercolor watercolor artist' artist right ‘london pride' pride near national theatre south bank \",\" cricketer kenneth farnes born july 1911 wallwood road rebuilt since brewer's brewers clerk educated royal liberty school romford pembroke college cambridge where read geography history blue each year 1931-33 feet inches tall became schoolmaster worksop nottinghamshire unmarried killed when wellington bomber which flying crashed chipping warden oxfordshire night october 1941 later victorian edwardian times 1890 1919 famous people came from area cook fanny cradock 26th february 1909 'apthorp' apthorp fairlop replaced block flats eric ashby harry beck reginald horace blyth george bolton coles frank dobson dyke charles eade henry fehr james hilton ullyett \",\" later victorian edwardian times 1890 1919 famous people came from area leyton harry beck creator london underground schematic born june 1902 wesley road eric ashby reginald horace blyth george bolton coles fanny cradock frank dobson dyke charles eade kenneth farnes henry fehr james hilton ullyett \",\" later victorian edwardian times 1890 1919 famous people came from area cinema architect george coles attended newport road school leyton technical institute mother sweet shop francis cafe between 1901 when architect's architects assistant aged living there 1906 design savoy which opened 1928 junction church bridge known gaumont odeon curzon classic bingo club photo above many other cinemas eric ashby harry beck reginald horace blyth bolton fanny cradock frank dobson dyke charles eade kenneth farnes henry fehr james hilton ullyett \",\" later victorian edwardian times 1890 1919 famous people came from area lady dyke born february 1896 manor road leyton photo above left daughter barnabas mayston bond medical practitioner silkworm farms lullingstone castle kent right ayot lawrence hertfordshire below 1936 queen mary paid official visit farm eric ashby harry beck reginald horace blyth george bolton coles fanny cradock frank dobson charles eade kenneth farnes henry fehr james hilton ullyett \",\" later victorian edwardian times 1890 1919 famous people came from area ullyett caricaturist stage sporting personalities born 1914 lyndhurst drive secretary-manager sports equipment manufacturers slazengers eric ashby harry beck reginald horace blyth george bolton coles fanny cradock frank dobson dyke charles eade kenneth farnes henry fehr james hilton \",\" later victorian edwardian times 1890 1919 famous people came from area george lewis french bolton 1900–1982 born hackney shipping clerk educated leyton county high school before joining london branch société générale paris trained exchange dealer regarded leading influence behind rebirth world's worlds international financial centre 1950s joined helbert wagg firm alfred eton manor clubs wick during first world bank england 1933 task managing sterling rate after britain left gold standard made plans control which implemented when declared against nazi germany figure relationship between pound other currencies second start tall forceful personality commercial sector helped establish eurodollar market compensating ceased world reserve currency opposed british membership common market fearing would lead political union with written constitution common legal system wanted instead north atlantic free trade association united states canada died 1982 dictionary national biography http oxforddnb article jones eric ashby harry beck reginald horace blyth coles fanny cradock frank dobson dyke charles eade kenneth farnes henry fehr james hilton ullyett \",\" later victorian edwardian times 1890 1919 famous people came from area walthamstow yards leyton boundary james hilton grew college road rebuilt after world about 1902 until parents moved 1932 attended leys methodist school cambridge then university headmaster lancashire after years writing novels which were published sell great numbers ‘good-bye chips' chips appealed american romantic view english emotional reserve private school life commercial success brought interest hilton's hiltons other work ‘lost horizon' horizon tibet author only have known through library books made into hollywood film 1937 eric ashby harry beck reginald horace blyth george bolton coles fanny cradock frank dobson dyke charles eade kenneth farnes henry fehr ullyett \",\" later victorian edwardian times 1890 1919 famous people came from area reginald horace blyth surely most remarkable independent-minded come born 3rd december 1898 93 trumpington road leytonstone above railway clerk attended ilford county high school boys imprisoned conscientious objector 1916 obtained degree london university after first world 1925 became assistant professor english seoul korea developed interest japanese culture after divorcing first wife married woman 1937 settled japan during second surrendered helped negotiate declaration which emperor hirohito declared himself human being divine 1950s death teaching language future emperor akihito author numerous publications about philosophy haiku poems related subjects none currently print http gardendigest blyth htm#biography wikipedia eric ashby harry beck george bolton coles fanny cradock frank dobson dyke charles eade kenneth farnes henry fehr james hilton ullyett \",\" education continued later victorian edwardian times 1890 1919 andrew saint society's societys magazine march 2007 ‘‘education education education' researching 1902 act' roger ottewill balh's balhs ‘the local historian' historian november under responsibilities directly elected school boards were transferred 1903 local councils whilst basic free county high schools girls boys - technical institute charged fees they taught some subjects photo right with boys where they could study electricity ‘manual instruction' instruction botany needlework cookery only \",\" transport railway line opened july 1894 connecting tottenham with london midland railway's railways network east tilbury coming after leyton walthamstow been covered streets housing much route brick viaduct rooftop height 1910 station between trains fenchurch street liverpool taking about minutes moorgate then called later victorian edwardian times 1890 1919 leytonstone record wanstead advertiser issue shelf item 1905 council acquired tramways bridge tramways company almost immediately electric operation from overhead cables installed along routes tram replaced horse-drawn vehicles 1906 clapton rising epping forest leaving whipps cross green high road stratford each passengers were purchased operate services power came council's councils generating station cathall current carried pipes under street pavements wires supported poles union maintenance works used county until 1911 1913 there parts area chingford victoria albert docks gate hackney bloomsbury aldgate robert harley electric dominated their metal rails pole supports they quite noisy dark lights like nothing else that time working class image there this praise neighbouring walthamstow's walthamstows system tramcar democracy exactly what square freemasonry ‘district times' times 25th april quoted neil houghton ‘london-over-the-border politics suburban 1870-1914' 1870-1914 1760–1914 edited matthew cragoe antony taylor \",\" transport continued later victorian edwardian times 1890 1919 leytonstone story suburban station strugnell london railway record july 2006 from 1911 great eastern company required sell cheap ‘workman's' ‘workmans fare from leyton trains arriving before this victory county council defeat petition signed residents opposing idea would increase rates besides utterly spoiling neighbourhood residential point view what petitioners feared influx poor working-class people though fact small terraced houses offered only limited scope subdivision into units poorer could afford \",\" later victorian edwardian times 1890 1919 business 1908 caribonum carbon paper manufacturer premises church road leyton improve product equal that coming from united states under leadership first robert clark then were related operated markedly american ways instead selling through intermediaries salesmen call potential customers every weeks obtain orders using centrally devised methods calculated optimise efficiency having built 1918 clients wallis gilbert architectural practice would design west london factories large companies firestone hoover photo below building some egyptian styling have even more initial been implemented \",\" later victorian edwardian times 1890 1919 alcohol consumption pubs pubs were often dominant buildings visually their only rivals being churches chapels cinemas banks large breweries bought rebuilt them more imposing design this happened green lion three blackbirds william photo left highly glazed tiles used exterior resisting smoke pollution etched window door glass made most lighting \",\" later victorian edwardian times 1890 1919 alcohol consumption pubs continued life story hunt autobiography edition 1937 shelf item temperance movement widely supported vocal section society rejected wholeheartedly owner stationery manufacturing business describes works outing about stamford rivers these brake journeys used pull public house every four miles rest horses have drink ourselves guess plenty before home this particular going back through leytonstone pulled lion [photo below] machine rulers named bill brenton wittiest ever knew generally drunk three during told stewards that there dancing loud singing well known being meeting place masonic lodge instruction usual form allowed come after them enquired took pint found lying seats called struggled elbow saying here gov'nor govnor said aren't arent ashamed yourself third time been today never state replied gov'nor govnor ain't aint your fault some damned good tries past master lodges founder another governor charitable institutions boys girls people \",\" later victorian edwardian times 1890 1919 alcohol consumption pubs continued ‘the leyton leytonstone ratepayers' ratepayers association origin history being record municipal life nearly quarter century' century greatly reduced west board guardians' guardians expenditure honorary secretary tallack civil servant appeared years brewster sessions oppose licences ‘off-licences' ‘off-licences shops example there nowhere barclay estate alcoholic drinks \",\" later victorian edwardian times 1890 1919 poor david lloyd george chancellor exchequer herbert asquith prime minister liberal government introduced pensions 1908 lift shadow workhouse from homes george's georges words west area lowest cost head population essex out-door relief in-maintenance 1892 saffron walden highest workhouse inmates long been required wear clothes that drew attention their status this remained case children bethnal green union's unions home leytonstone house also wore distinctive uniform workhouses john drury farthings publications 2006 1901 union photo left contained including children between 1895 1905 parishes increased number out-relief 113% 1918 there were workhouses compared with newspaper cutting express independent saturday april 15th 1893 cost pauperism numbered wire collection news cuttings shelf item \",\" population 1921 census calculated that whilst leyton's leytons greater than 1911 this came from number babies born well over more people moved away leyton leytonstone into area those died fighting first world abroad were treated ‘emigrations' ‘emigrations there high families shared their ‘dwelling' ‘dwelling characteristic also west east housing density though might expected soldiers killed would have altered balance women females including children only higher compared with 1930s time enormous construction there little land whose come improve standard living reasonable income home chingford woodford very tempt them move declined somewhat exodus relatively affluent prosperity real apparent table page preliminary report \",\" urban landscape social classes open spaces lammas lands parks transport population ethnic community feeling poor health water supply religion nonconformity radicalism education libraries business alcohol consumption pubs famous people came from leyton leytonstone contents this section where lived ratepayers' ratepayers association clicking arrow ‘turns page' page were reading book between world wars 1919 1939 contents housing employment leisure role women politics fascism quality about copying parts website \",\" population continued local authority area leyton main centre section high road that town hall library technical institute coronation gardens only small shops leytonstone became rival when combined branch library electricity showroom were built corner church lane impressive design nearby bearmans department store founded 1898 with church john's johns already occupying dignified position bakers arms busy junction trams motor vehicles given swimming baths these centres post offices ‘variety store' woolworths opened outlets boots chemists this infrastructure suburbia locations popular decided commercial considerations become collection contrast walthamstow which more concentrated street comprehensive selection retail chains including marks spencer guardian gazette newspapers waltham forest january 1989 \",\" housing ‘jenny hammond life labour councillor' councillor wfohw publication those days there such things flats they were always known half houses practically every house families downstairs upstairs used toilet that's thats outdoors outside both eventually this interviewee rented where wife's wifes sister husband that family could have garden interview reference number have your jenny later party member leyton council also lived split between households been built purpose warner estate maisonettes purpose-built which overlooked person making statement quoted above most people including took their baths portable metal bathed bath front fire clementina road \",\" urban landscape \",\" ethnic more jewish people moved leyton they neighbouring west ilford those interviewed oral history project about ‘lea bridge gateway' gateway made point saying local business person ‘jewish london illustrated history' history gerry black paperback edition transcripts some interviews wfohw held \",\" education county high schools charged fees leyton school boys relocated building essex road 1929 forest just over border walthamstow one-man business with proprietor-headmaster member headmaster' headmaster conference defining attribute public school contrast 2007 head andrew boggis chairman headmasters' headmasters headmistresses' headmistresses there therefore sharp split before second world after between education alternatives indications that parents wanted their children well life looked outside schools parmiter's parmiters bethnal green example wanstead \",\" libraries 1935 leytonstone library church lane part development corner high road which included electricity showrooms this replaced park house station london midland scottish line kentish town \",\" famous people came from area biologist mond beverton born august 1922 forest glade leytonstone photo above left commercial artist pupil school blue association football cambridge university downing college right professor fisheries ecology cardiff 1984 actor henderson many parts such police officer george bullman 1932 spent early part life david bailey peter coker shirley lord philip moon frank muir ruth rendell eric shilling wilkinson \",\" famous people came from area photographer david bailey icons sixties london scene born january 1938 whipps cross hospital tailor's tailors cutter spent first three years life leytonstone before second world bombing forced family move beverton peter coker henderson shirley lord philip moon frank muir ruth rendell eric shilling wilkinson \",\" famous people came from area leading banker philip wilkinson born into devout baptist family leyton 1927 attended county high school ancestors included burnham-on-crouch fishermen father worked metropolitan water board joined westminster bank city 1943 soon left served royal navy rejoined 1948 marked senior management potential becoming secretary chief general manager 1963 became branch town wycombe only appointment outside 1966 1968 then played role growing eurodollar market raised remained church member chief executive national 1983 1987 taking full advantage expansion under margaret thatcher private incomes house mortgage lending london share dealing david bailey beverton peter coker henderson shirley lord moon frank muir ruth rendell eric shilling \",\" famous people came from area leyton crime novelist ruth rendell born 17th february 1930 barbara grasemann father done labouring work plymouth dockyard became science mathematics teacher rendell's rendells mother scandinavian parents comedy writer performer senior manager frank muir 1920 engineer lived church road photo right early secondary school attending county high school until died with marriage 1949 david bailey beverton peter coker henderson shirley lord philip moon eric shilling wilkinson \",\" another pupil leyton county high school opera bass-baritone singer eric shilling born leytonstone 1920 died 2006 university nuclear physicist philip moon 1907–1994 attended boys famous people came from area david bailey beverton peter coker henderson shirley lord frank muir ruth rendell wilkinson \",\" leyton ratepayers' ratepayers association association' strongest force local politics most period between wars opposing financial commitments council campaigning forcefully against labour party candidates thirty years generation service record romance borough 1903-1933 pamphlet have strong membership after first world before leadership without tallack 1920 detested main opposition publications bitterly hostile even though complained development political virus municipal affairs unhappy latter-day infliction which primarily responsible majority from 1922 november 1926 first election control 1929 1932 opposed purchase football ground construction covered stand there public baths near bakers arms unsuccessfully their result budget being reduced successfully arterial road through residential area scheme modified form became section more positive note association's associations activities included erecting plaques notable people former buildings events plaque commemorating direct action keep marshes open \",\" role women though took over some men's mens civilian jobs whilst they fought first world generally accepted that married woman domestic whether child local worked london electrical wire company church road from just before 1922 again during between usually stopped paid employment when 1923 this company policy banknote manufacturers city newly working class couples might live with wife's wifes family near mother there recorded instances locally women could participate activities community organisations  something development though tended remain control leyton antiquarian society having member committee until after second attended inaugural subsequent meetings 1926 miss greaves official essex field club representation people 1928 gave vote parliamentary elections aged west union board guardians parry osborn were elected unopposed electoral wards central south cann hall wanstead slip lawson unsuccessfully contested bridge ward three support residents association wfohw interview reference number interviewee says others have said husband expected wife stop between wars 1919 1939 \",\" role women 1905 leyton ratepayers' ratepayers association supported unopposed candidacy miss skelton member west board guardians forest ward leading campaigners against high expenditure corrupt practices poor union carrying intensive research campaign very harassing experience 1906 price leytonstone college elected skelton's skeltons successor committee seems have been all-male most candidates council were responsibility large number children made managerial affairs more acceptable time thirty years generation service record romance borough 1903-1933 pamphlet later victorian edwardian times 1890 1919 \",\" wealthier people could afford private cars ordinary used trams buses 1921 london county council took over operation leyton's leytons tram routes carried extensive track relaying responsibility overhead equipment remained with leyton urban district still showed udc's udcs name insignia indeed were painted borough monogram when that status trams have disadvantages rails dangerous cyclists others using thin-wheeled vehicles woman remembered along bridge road waking family another slow boneshakers 1920s overtook popularity which meant period privately owned mass transportation better patronised than operated local authorities base ‘pro bono publico' publico gordon omnibus both taken transport 1933 nevertheless 1931 corporation bought horse-riding horse-drawn become largely restricted leisure activity 1930s docks particularly royal destination trolleybuses wfohw interview reference number museum display november 2007 london's londons buses volume independent 1922 1934 blacker lunn westgate 1977 collections historic photographs such walthamstow historical society's societys ‘waltham forest 1910-1940' 1910-1940 revisited \",\" transport continued july 1933 london passenger board took over tram operations leyton walthamstow west councils metropolitan electric tramways company amongst others also headquarters underground group whose personnel dominated authority there five-minute interval service between central southampton liverpool street aldgate about 1937 interviewee remembered that when lived hibbert road just journey places work city holborn trams business away from suburban steam railway lines including pancras south tottenham station extension east barking increase tickets sold 1896 1922 favoured trolleybuses replacement trams depot converted into trolleybus-only last area november 1939 recalled then which were improvement luxury compared buses [the before being taken public ownership] newer transferred south perhaps tramways' tramways association with poorer people factor their eradication though they survived continental cities trolleybuses removed dangerous rails roads overhead wires poles more visually intrusive past present fifth edition barking' connor pages 2005 edition wfohw interviews 386-388 \",\" employment great depression ‘slump' ‘slump notorious leyton escaped worst between 1929 1932 britain's britains gross domestic product fell industrial production compared with germany early output united states fallen wages there were million unemployed britain cost living only those employment better people suffer unemployment benefit payments reached their highest level year march from late 1920s london favourite location factories consumer-centred industries many them subsidiaries companies employed worked outside home names easier reach central than industrial estates well known retain caribonum areas heavy industry where harshest survey aimed identifying working class obtaining information standard from sample these borough city west remainder stepney poplar elsewhere people walthamstow other places travelled work analysis shows that interviewees 1929-30 locally leytonstone stratford east between east side outer inner docks chingford somewhere described more precisely overseas have fixed whom shown youth committee twenty-fourth annual report year ended 31st july 1948 \",\" employment continued there economic recovery later 1930s though heavy industry middle class people better experience than working 1921 about were employed temple mills wagon works about wagons could repaired new-built week january 1923 great eastern railway company absorbed into london north which transferred locomotive construction from stratford north england carry repair work marshalling yard converted 1930 hump shunting operation continuity management 1932 master 1916 replaced rose went through second world remained post 1958 chief mechanical engineer's engineers department's departments memoranda connected with locomotive carriage \",\" employment caribonum factory 1918 demolished early commission wallis gilbert partners thomas wallis's walliss enthusiasm egyptian styling first proposals more predates discovery tutankhamen's tutankhamens tomb 1922 deco exhibition paris 1925 beginning \",\" leisure between world wars grand cinemas were built rialto 1927 behind bearmans' bearmans department store leytonstone savoy 1929 junction church road bridge design george coles lived francis leyton when young ritz 1938 near bakers arms with came culture united states america children whose family could afford there much year-old evacuated from tottenham cambridge wrote 1939 things miss most father mother going pictures friday saturday monday errans here people live friends hockey played harringay areama playing skates with hockey stick sister saying ‘come ride your bike' bike also football playground school swimming baths isaacs ‘the evacuation survey' survey 66-87 quoted ross mckibbin ‘classes cultures england 1918-1951' 1918-1951 extensive pitches laid hackney marshes wanstead flats just outside 1930s over clubs using woodford green athletics club used county cricket ground summer track ‘homes heroes space breathe? struggle 1946-47' 1946-47 mark gorman article ‘woodford centenary' centenary issue ‘forest news' news edited stephen pewsey' pewsey remembered 1920s that cycle abridge every evening whatever weather have back played cricket whohw interview \",\" poor london survey 1929-30 reported that proportion leyton people regarded poverty greater than stoke newington lewisham lower rest survey's surveys eastern area bethnal green shoreditch stepney bermondsey hackney poplar deptford greenwich woolwich barking east tottenham walthamstow west birth-rate lowest forest house 1920s accommodated over elderly with sleeping room said largest bedroom country board union guardians were disbanded july 1929 their responsibilities passed local councils essex workhouses john drury farthings publications 2006 wfohw interview reference number early 20th century include areas considerable recalls around lansdowne road which later demolished north harrow used count houses when went school there those only what call regular jobs that policeman fireman milkman part time unemployed sort thing very hard times they wasn't wasnt unusual some turned home because paid rent furniture front garden they would send bailiffs just take into shut door really destitute remember langthorne tramps line outside wall every bundle backs hadn't hadnt \",\" politics first leyton elected 1918 were malone coalition liberal east constituency harry wrightson conservative unionist west entered royal navy 1905 took admiralty flying course 1911 raid cuxhaven 25th december 1914 1922 member alexander cassels 1923 re-elected fell labour major church october 1924 regained party 1929 both seats archibald fenner brockway independent reginald sorensen minister free christian 1929-31 1935-50 1950-64 1931 frederick mills sugden 1935 parliament lasted until 1945 local east	and \",\" nationally between wars there very wide political spectrum though 1930s have been seen period broad consensus shared culture oswald mosley's mosleys british union fascists ‘black shirts' shirts atheistic anti-semitic uniformed organisation which attracted some members leyton petitions persuaded council cancel booking made meeting town hall april 1936 this aimed elections same time stirred hatred jewish people relished street fights with communists combination brought adolf hitler power germany district organisers this included harold scott-turner journalist liverpool road tall blonde about years often wearing riding breeches boots cobbled space front baker's bakers arms provided site propaganda politics fascism east london mosley south west essex 1933-1940 thomas linehan urban minutes 1935-36 ‘hunger good thing' thing britain tony mason ‘from blitz blair history since 1939' 1939 edited nick tiratsoo night 18th april 1937 synagogue drayton photo right damaged offered fewer targets anti-semitism than trade areas hackney shoreditch second world \",\" second world outer east london bombs rockets killed more people leyton than area other ilford total casualties were higher walthamstow struck fewer north-east neighbours received over times many they less likely fall open space number raids 1940-45 second only buildings demolished damaged enemy action exceeded flying launched days from june 1944 ‘imminent' ‘imminent warnings flying that ignored workers simply diving under benches desks against walls there ‘crash' ‘crash warning which would protect them glass this reduced lost production time over employees ‘lewco' ‘lewco electric wire company church road their homes lewco' lewco publication conveys emotional strain company decided disrupted two-thirds women went into shelters when raid sirens sounded member staff assess factory roof risk bomb impact truly imminent system used factories soon adopted officially government 1948-2012 olympics exhibition shelf item collection photocopies printed pages apparently essex county council report january 1947 ‘every kind bomb' bomb december 1945 \",\" second world continued judged well 16th october 1940 devastating parachute explosive devices acres factory action workers were safely shelters nights later stick delayed high bombs fell across site days before bomb disposal squad could make area safe group volunteers removed valuable equipment from dangerous zone risk their lives after weeks production returned previous level after months building partial raids consecutive took toll workforce with broken sleep home anderson maintain crucial supplies ministry aircraft production required lewco transfer fine wire subsidiary works have each process leyton carried places this reorganisation year achieve increased requirement supervisory staff opposed nazi germany decorator arrested painting fence hainault road it's jews' jews mosley peace summer many local leaders british union fascists interned including leonard fenn ernest forge west branch serving army corporal when elsa sara constance orrin private language teacher woodville leytonstone sentenced years prison 1941 praising hitler leader preference churchill talking soldiers little easton hertfordshire walthamstow chingford guardian 12th april \",\" housing cope with urgent shortage housing after raids second world government co-ordinated construction installation ‘prefabs' ‘prefabs bungalows assembled site from factory-made sections leyton's leytons first were built epping forest land whipps cross road them years more bungalow-style ‘porters shoot' shoot marshes bridge elsewhere late 1963 council owned dwellings 1951 only residential properties leyton fully provided piped water closet bath fixed cooking stove kitchen sink warner estates aimed high standard property tenant bathrooms their person remembers that family which grew 1920s have separate 1961 households exclusive cold toilet wfohw interview reference number town guide 1964 origins history group hospitals dormer 1861 census figures \",\" urban landscape social classes open spaces lammas lands parks population ethnic community feeling poor health water supply religion nonconformity radicalism libraries business alcohol consumption pubs famous people came from leyton leytonstone contents this section clicking arrow ‘turns page' page were reading book 1945 1965 contents employment transport quality education housing leisure role women politics \",\" later victorian edwardian times 1890 1919 first world continued wfohw interview bakers german origin their shops attacked leyton leytonstone they elsewhere britain this happened stoll's stolls opposite harrow green which windows smashed walkling bought german-owned bakers after outbreak schubert sell english family shop bridge road doors from greyhound stoned being \",\" second world continued stoll's stolls german bakers opposite harrow green damaged been first butcher's butchers geller's gellers thatched house also attacked wfohw interview heroes george allan mitchell born 30th august 1911 grew beaumont road leyton attended farmer board school from 1924 1927 outbreak joined cameronian highlanders january 1944 after action italy which exhibited extraordinary bravery killed soldier surrendered crowded hour jack cornwell with brief details three other local victoria cross holders david chapman published leytonstone historical society flying officer dennis herbert cockram force prisoners escaped stalag luft camp night 24th-25th march were recaptured gestapo 31st aged ashes poznan garrison cemetery poland lived essex photo left http stephen-stratford the_50 personal communication neal chubb drew this story attention confirmed research \",\" leisure \",\" housing continued even house belvedere road 1928 only electric point main room copper butler's butlers sink small kitchen wfohw interview reference number something oddity london area makeshift homes sometimes called bridge gardens either side marshes station railway ‘plotlands' ‘plotlands existed near basildon laindon pitsea places kent were often second later leyton writer lena kennedy site horrified labour party local councillor there toilets they would just hole back garden yard[s] away that they terrible \",\" quality well smell works which many people lived near bridge gasworks remembered perth road received smells from ‘lewco' ‘lewco wire scent manufacturers potter moores lavender welcome mercury thermos replacement horses with motor vehicles electric trams asphalting streets will have removed horse dung that must previously been strong days swimming baths leyton high bakers arms adjacent woolworths store were clad tiles would resist smoke pollution thought mortar between discoloured spoilt visual effect wfohw interview \",\" harvey road leytonstone ‘rocket alley party' party held 27th october 1944 three people were killed widely spaced addresses street another mornington which crosses rocket impact this photo supplied terry owens points that trees been painted black blackout precautions someone party still uniform houses most severely damaged replaced 1951 with council flats road was first occupied some time 1870 1871 named after henry martin churchwarden john's johns church married dorothy anne daughter william davis pastures davies lane they lived house whose grounds this road built \",\" ‘yesterday today tomorrow housing leyton' leyton published council have your 1919 parliament created scheme under which local authorities could build affordable housing across valley councils tottenham wood green participated 1922 central government curtailed financial contribution only homes been built across greater london about houses barclay estate from 1923 made some effort bridge between rent that people afford prevailing level being charged took advantage those with income below week nursery park 1926 beaumont road 1928 flats white house 1934 jesse also survey 1929-30 found judged least satisfactory near west boundary group roads including byron continued ‘how rural disappeared' disappeared kenneth barker author 2008 isbn 9553114 \",\" housing later victorian edwardian times 1890 1919 streets continued spread across leyton marks railway station \",\" quality london suffered worst ‘smog' ‘smog thick made yellow choking with coalfire smoke other pollution from december 1952 used have terrible fogs thick wasn't wasnt unusual take torch hold fence walked road that district chimneys everything everybody burned coal weeks would walk your hanky over face solution introduced house commons private member's members bill gerald nabarro 1956 clean phased open fires smogs became thing past even water vapour were less dense cleared more quickly wfohw interview reference number jerry white ‘london nineteenth century city people' people \",\" politics around world those with power were conciliatory wished reduce harmful social political divisions clement attlee prime minister between 1945 1951 tried hard provide ordinary people living accommodation consistent self-respect retain britain's britains status continuing development nuclear bombs government established system health care which there charge only medicines where least theory child poorest families could have good education obtained anywhere unemployed elderly entitled security money restoration market forces food deferred rationing extended bread attlee's attlees conservative successors accepted welfare state continued attempt preserve british economy protected taxing imports from countries outside empire everyone germany japan france italy feel essential nature rebuilding their national economies need felt less strongly britain general election landslide victory labour party reflected leyton bechervaise mayor 1930-31 elected east constituency reginald sorensen west whilst remained comfortable majority nationally until under harold wilson 1964 patrick gordon walker wilson's wilsons choice foreign secretary failed midlands contest asked create vacancy accepting peerage that fight resulting by-election caused sensation giving narrow votes candidate ronald buxton member family once lived leytonstone house \",\" education state education reorganised nationally divide deepened between lower middle class clerks shop-owners hoping their children through plus' plus examination grammar school certificate qualification with fees payable upper whom public norm including doctors barristers solicitors architects other professionals forest school photo below just over borough border walthamstow became true 1947 leaving raised effect from april leyton youth employment committee twenty-fourth annual report year ended 31st july 1948 \",\" famous people came from area shirley stringer born 1932 grew warner maisonette near bridge works photo above left father worked shoreditch same hardware firm which talent journalism interview carpet manufacturer cyril lord each leaving marriage relationship then able socialise with glamorous wealthy famous gave recollections leyton sourness worse than deserved gasometer leering insultingly over garden wall long grey street savoy cinema sharp distinctive smell celluloid melting chocolates mention handsome 18th design chestnut house street remembered that once been lunatic asylum small beer claridge's claridges 1968 david bailey beverton peter coker henderson philip moon frank muir ruth rendell eric shilling wilkinson \",\" famous people came from area leyton painter peter coker born 27th july 1926 whose father gold polisher later manager confectionery warehouse grew 1 moyers road also lived there 1950 when studying royal college took main subjects meat display leytonstone butcher's butchers shop david bailey beverton henderson shirley lord philip moon frank muir ruth rendell eric shilling wilkinson \",\" famous people came from area former pupils leyton county school boys include michael mcstay born 1933 actor parts 1960 classical pianist john lill 17th march 1948 went newport road primary clarinettist antony national youth orchestra 1961 then career music cricketer graham gooch whipps cross hospital 1953 spent early life attended norlington steve harris wrote many songs heavy metal band iron maiden which bass guitarist 12th 1956 leytonstone http artists high peak paul estcourt self-published 1992 london-e11 halloffame world-class derek jacobi 22nd october 1938 only child alfred george department store manager lived essex south until least electoral register 1945 1965 \",\" role women local woman worked london electrical wire company first world returned work there during when they took back jobs that been doing over time more including mothers school children this period housewife diminished increased availability machines materials reduce housework fewer requiring physical strength stamina greater willingness employers have their workforce proliferation images lust magazines cinema films advertising wfohw interview reference number \",\" transport london north eastern railway company operating line from liverpool street nationalised became part british railways board's boards responsibilities project commenced before electrify completed extension underground's undergrounds central line 1947 often said that neighbouring walthamstow changed facilities suffered when connected west construction victoria 1960s leyton oxford built tottenham forest gate company placed railway's midland region april 1960 steam locomotives were replaced with diesel-powered passenger carriages only hourly service terminating kentish town short pancras other barking rather than east there roughly half-hourly peak times trolleybus services ended 1959 after which routes operated diesel buses street scene improved removal ugly wire support poles came leytonstone alan simpson published historical society barking' connor timetable illustration 2005 edition pages numbered ‘walthamstow tramways' tramways robert harley \",\" employment leyton juvenile committee statistics weeks ended 29th december 1947 largest categories jobs found council girl school-leavers were junior clerks shop assistants dressmaking cardboard making shorthand typists building trade engineering clerical work retail trades electrical woodworkers stratford railway works been major employer they closed 1963 wagon ruckholt road extending over acres continued 1970s some workers mainstay northcote corner grove green francis wfohw interview \",\" leisure area provided good social life some least indicated number people have moved away more affluent scenically attractive areas look back fondly their leyton upbringing joined eton manor sports clubs particularly enthusiastic about experience television reduced popularity cinema 1950s only cinemas remained open 1965 formerly ritz odeon savoy rialto influence american culture became stronger dominant over british http villierspark \",\" urban landscape social classes open spaces transport population ethnic community life poor quality health water supply religion radicalism education libraries business alcohol consumption pubs famous people came from leyton leytonstone contents this section clicking arrow ‘turns page' page were reading book contents housing employment leisure role women politics 1965 1979 heritage demolished local government centres retail \",\" housing leytonstone express independent 19th september 1969 1960s tower blocks were terrible mistake many have been demolished cathall oliver close estates rebuilt waltham forest action trust some beaumont estate london quadrant association avenue road development refurbished leyton grange being modernised also livingstone college john drinkwater towers gone could worse collapse ronan point block elsewhere most dramatic change look with construction part estates overlooking epping tower wanstead flats knotts green earlier better design complete neighbourhoods modest terraced housing replaced council poor quality flats tenants from estate invaded town hall complain fungus growth cracked walls overflowing sewage since opened four years previously chair committee councillor gerald king refused them said afterwards fail they irate \",\" urban landscape move opposite direction construction tower blocks though mainly benefiting middle upper class areas made conservative former minister duncan sandys introduced private member's members bill what became civic amenities 1967 this allowed local authorities create conservation preserve appearance attractive historic neighbourhoods 1971 london borough barking this power case 1970s weak british economy deeply divided society with widely divergent political ideas stimied ambitious town planning wholesale street demolition leyton society affiliated national trust founded 1972 best improve rest' rest secretary abbott emotionally devastated houses walthamstow side boundary road 1987 waltham forest aiming cover whole including chingford highams park communication from adrian stannard from onwards most larger were subdivided into flats which typically sold ‘first time buyers' buyers young couples little savings purchasing their first property \",\" population once post-war economy began improve leytonstone leyton became less attractive place live those with little money from 1970s onwards most largest houses were subdivided into flats which typically sold ‘first time buyers' buyers young couples savings purchasing their first property remaining bigger often occupied people left-wing views displaying posters front window loss better-off other areas accentuated character home lacking coventional ambition this period london lost leading position british manufacturing distribution goods materials into economic social disaster came large numbers immigrants from former colonies many grown moved jerry white chief executive hackney borough council writes population turnover inner immense islington very crucible change clear early that major transformation taking class make-up skilled working-class district's districts backbone fifty years moving away opportunities towns outer metropolitan hertfordshire essex elsewhere their being taken polarized middle-class gentrifiers unskilled workers many them newcomers caribbean africa mediterranean two-thirds residents 1961 longer there 1971 having died certain increased during something similar happened terms exodus skilled personal observation ‘london twentieth century city people' people \",\" elegant house leyton grange clicking this arrow ‘turns page' page were reading book site home \",\" david chapman given story house ‘leyton grange' grange which gansel born 1690 1689 designed himself  ownership manor leyton split three ways 1650 thought have fallen down been demolished then  gansel's  gansels father also purchased two-thirds home rebuilt house church road capworth street  the younger lived from construction 1720 until 1733 when moved east donyland hall near colchester  david ‘the with emphasis lane family slave trade' trade published leytonstone historical society  colen campbell ‘vitruvius britannicus' britannicus glimpse site page previous next elegant \",\" this article provides little context designed leyton grange impressive provided limited accommodation rich family rooms entrance hall ground floor upper next occupant lawyer john strange extended house with wings rear seen this 1741-45 roque  david chapman ‘the emphasis lane family slave trade' trade elegant \",\" gansel's gansels leyton grange compared with chiswick house which also designed owner  unlike survived care english heritage photo below richard boyle lord burlington born 1694 1714 1715 travelled through netherlands germany italy buying works services artists admired colen campbell's campbells book designs ‘vitruvius britannicus' britannicus espousal more restrained architecture than baroque style illustrated gansel subscriber that publication  burlington inspired design buildings himself including built between 1726 1729 site home page previous next elegant house \",\" colen campbell architect huge wanstead house drawing below which completed same year 1720 leyton grange adjacent parish richard child viscount castlemaine  peter lawrence ‘the rise fall 1667-1857' 1667-1857 site home page previous next elegant house \",\" burlington whig supporter government robert walpole under hanoverian king george until 1733 richard child previously tory decided give unequivocal support  the elder david gansel huguenot french refugee from louis xiv's xivs persecution protestants huguenots were closer uncompromising views calvin than church england  gansel must have been firmly side ‘glorious revolution' revolution which catholic james deposed william orange installed place also favoured whigs' whigs tolerance different religious beliefs acted overseer poor 1703 constable 1708  his duties churchwarden 1710 performed someone else suggests unable reconcile personal with doctrine might expect younger though know  david chapman ‘leyton house walthamstow slip' slip published leyton leytonstone historical society kent painter architect garden designer became burlington's burlingtons close friend freemasons later 1730s paintings integral design chiswick contain masonic symbols building would good setting ritual narrow spiral staircase could taken initiate low-ceilinged lower floor impressive upper external entrance photo below elegant house grange \",\" central ‘tribune' ‘tribune high half-circle windows around dome seen photo above used later john soane free-thinker with masonic connections admit light maintain privacy bank england drawing below however cannot detect associations leyton grange know none gansel site home page previous next elegant house \",\" burlington kent were innovators garden design  they used statues other features proclaim cultural political manifesto avenues trees stretching into distance been mainstay baroque landscaping chiswick house vistas terminated with statue column small building photo left also contributed gardens stowe near buckingham owner lord cobham whig walpole's walpoles government 1733  like those have survived being restored national trust right site home page previous next elegant house leyton grange \",\" engraving grounds leyton grange shows baroque style open-ended avenues trees very formal pattern geometrically shaped planted beds towards symmetrically basin water straight canal right east that this estate drawing includes parish church mary's marys tiny building bottom left stowe lord cobham preserved alone whole village from view with thick both instances look like deliberate snubs established religion remains 18th century garden path were found 108-110 vicarage road 1997 site home page previous next elegant house \",\" distance photo previous page stowe landscape gardens grotto feature also created grounds wanstead house below remains elegant house leyton grange \",\" above view avenue stretching away from hampton court palace reflection planting made reign william mary 17th century john roque 1741-45 when leyton grange home strange shows curving paths within wooded areas reflecting growing preference half-natural landscape some straight avenues remain elegant house \",\" copying this article this article based work others limited extent that original been written david boote took photos made available directly indirectly only condition authorship acknowledged subsequent copy text tithe 1843 right shows pond behind grange have roughly kept keyhole shape another with naturalistic outline ‘the polite repository' repository 1809 included engraving home thomas lane which makes possible humphry repton consulted about landscaping changes know 1861 house demolished from time streets terraced housing started build over grounds gazetteer sites essex associated repton' edited fiona cowell georgina green very kindly drawn dwb's dwbs attention latter shown windows each floor pitched roof well being located adjacent walthamstow chapman emphasis family slave trade' trade published leyton leytonstone historical society site page elegant \",\" hi-tech history need took early retirement decided devote some free time local history first visit local studies room vestry house museum wore down three pencils spend evening typing scrawly notes buying laptop computer suddenly became urgent necessity like much shopping this question quickly realising could what wanted lightweight compact keyboard screen laptops readily available were larger with screens over inches across given high specification latest version microsoft windows operating system cope demands nearly software three years cost upwards £ 500 there smaller lighter these commanded premium price around type using fingers something affordable just sufficient computing power even seem schools parents encouraged send their offspring university machine able games simulating visual experience fighting monsters drawbacks have found standard weight manageable rucksack tiring large size cramped library surface impossible conjunction microfilm reader length takes become functional after switching noise which basic toshiba keeps cutting answer unexpected craze year 2008 been previously computers stored information spinning magnetic discs ‘hard drive' drive memory ‘chips' ‘chips moving parts tiny hold owner's owners files manufacturer asus launched under £ 200 dream realised however problem battery life couple hours think must related fire eastern factory world's worlds sources batteries present they expensive component short supply nevertheless stocks sold soon arrived europe america rival manufacturers produced equivalent machines offering insufficient half train journey achieved another model least half-acceptable battery-life estimated that should morning afternoon battery only satisfactorily resolved even two-fingered needs good clear display reviews criticised inch later these measurements from corner diagonal opposite width height ancestry inspiration seems ‘one laptop \",\" hi-tech history child' child project produce machines cheap they could supplied children poor countries each this seen largest technology companies world threat their lucrative markets america europe only person longed simple device that carried basic tasks rivalry asus company which offered first cost compact notebook computer model even compared with range inch screens reviewers prefer diagonal size competitors acer aspire wind advent 4211 elonex webbook definitely larger keyboards those ‘which?' ‘which? consumer magazine reports fujitsu amilo 6972 typing ‘pleasure' ‘pleasure despite machine weighing less than kilogramme will however £ 399 typing needs accurate finger jabbing rather absent-minded occasional glance from screen sometimes sufficient when using full-size keyboard cheapest option ‘eurobook' ‘eurobook aria technology dell's dells mini case inches wide battery life hours costs operating system initial used version ‘linux' ‘linux operating adapted start quickly make best microsoft windows overhelming majority computers becomes slower once user entered preference settings started building store files record websites visited wants users update frequently have anti-virus other security software running constantly being updated linux supposed need such precautions even later versions going after about minute other uses note-taking apart libraries another local history books lots some them copyright converted into text downloaded copied gutenberg project been working this years print automatically turned google search engine scanning american academic though retreated intention world's worlds out-of-copyright knowledge literature onto books website these texts more recent works purchased format read hand-held ‘personal digital assistants' assistants across diagonally small reading email short note comfortably there special devices electronic ‘ebooks' ‘ebooks sony sells paperback except thinner £ 200 weighs grammes much lighter kilogrammes viewing suggested aria's arias connect internet just through cable also wirelessly certain places offers talks videos past \",\" editions melvyn bragg's braggs excellent time' time radio intellectual discussion programme retrieved computer audio files played time other ‘podcasts' ‘podcasts also allows people listen radio programmes watch week later than they were broadcast using internet ‘iplayer' ‘iplayer ‘podcasts' ‘podcasts started america apple company's companys ‘ipod' ‘ipod personal music player with earplugs ‘itunes' ‘itunes website extensive range visual material which includes serious subjects contributions from universities museums galleries gresham college provides free lunchtime talks holborn academic style these taken college's colleges history reasonably well represented within non-fiction podcasts watching lecture garden train seems just novelty listening talk journey makes more sense done gadget headphones including many mobile phones built-in speakers weak tinny expected comparatively small device sound quality plug-in good imitators cannot play dvds asus solidly built does seem ‘cheap' ‘cheap screen display very clear indoors almost silent operation mains adaptor lighter plug needs britain economise power special button turns pressing keys together renders dormant until pressed again imitations look promising battery life crucial those have limited need super-compact will find much better value laptop inches across non-portable ‘desktop' ‘desktop author this article david boote email david_boote yahoo happy part copied asks that sentence included subsequent copy made hi-tech \",\" famous people came from area martha maureen ross actress raised family leytonstone whom jonathan born 1960 become world-famous paul well-known radio television personality june sarpong 1977 presented shows channel educated connaught girls school george monoux college walthamstow production company lipgloss productions been ambassador prince's princes trust campaigned make poverty history movement awarded 2007 june's junes brother actor presenter footballer david beckham whipps cross hospital living norman road time athlete singer-songwriter anne mersh 1974 went mayville primary competed metres event 2004 athens olympic games joanne fenn justin hoyte 1984 curtis davies 1985 \",\" famous people came from area continued damon albarn musician blur gorillasz born 1968 lived years fillebrook road leytonstone photo right until family moved colchester went george tomlinson school mother hazel stage designer joan littlewood's littlewoods theatre company theatre royal stratford east london father keith worked arts programmes http london-e11 halloffame imdb electoral registers cornelius cardew 1936 gloucestershire stretched boundaries musical composition 1970s leading edge marxist politics killed 1981 unidentified vehicle driver been living leyton park left actress singer rita joanne simons 1977 whipps cross hospital talvin matharoo singh 1970 helped create asian underground music genre 1965 1979 \",\" open spaces valley regional park authority created 1967 funded partly local authorities including waltham forest along from river thames ware hertfordshire administers most leyton marshes public open space \",\" lost heritage 1964 forest house dating back 17th century demolished caribonum factory major commission wallis gilbert partners with egyptian styling 1980 after merged swiss company pelikan moved peterborough that same year wallis's walliss firestone great west road hurriedly prevent listing ‘the hoover building architects 1932-1992 from industry commerce years evolution' evolution kevin mcsharry essay december 1996 architecture university east london extract vestry museum revival james stevens curl \",\" quality clean made smokeless fuel compulsory real improvement came from replacement coal fires previously almost universal with gas-fired central heating diesel trains replaced steam though conversion line liverpool street into branch electric underground already occurred 1947 railway came leytonstone alan simpson \",\" local government london local reorganised spread further from centre than area county council within this wider built-up existing boroughs urban district councils were grouped threes form larger with some functions performed greater which replaced staunchly labour functions been exercised over leyton essex notably secondary education taken mainly given borough ‘waltham forest' forest named after large under forest stretched beyond waltham holy cross included walthamstow borough chingford urban district with middle already possessing town hall assembly sufficiently imposing administrative unit those active leyton's leytons civic life feared would marginalised made enemies easily whether controlled conservative party plans rings motorways improve road transport major redevelopment historic inconvenient areas like bloomsbury covent garden unpopular they only implemented fragmentary little significance former inherited stock social housing schools through inner educational authority outer have offices existence terminated 31st march 1986 jerry white ‘london twentieth century city people' people \",\" politics march 1966 election gave leyton house commons seat patrick gordon walker famously been defeated 1964 by-election when many people left areas like were replaced those from former british colonies nature local labour party activists changed there university educated employed central government managerial positions supported more confrontational politics interventionist this brought strong reaction nationally margaret thatcher electorally successful prominent stage struggle between right jerry white ‘london twentieth century city people' people \",\" leyton came have high number people moslem belief places islamic worship education were established those from christian background caribbean africa formed churches independent british religious bodies apparently distinctive nature their beliefs more exuberant form service ethnic separateness religion \",\" first restaurants offering exotic cooking china indian subcontinent arrived around 1964 weng opened about this time leytonstone high road between 1966 1969 seng number chow bombay restaurant leyton pings chinese restaurant between lucky garden golden city hainault buildings shahee-mohol bridge 1965-66 sundo ‘spice centre' centre selling ingredients some ethnic post office directories large proportion poorer areas were rebuilt process population changed with many people originating former british colonies community life meant their ethnic extended family relations same household living nearby mosques christian churches established membership drawn from connection these could offer full strong members reach sustainable congregation church might draw wider area taking advantage widespread ownership well public transport \",\" transport widespread ownership made lifestyle possible which ‘middling' ‘middling people lived almost exclusively their home workplace supermarkets moving between these reducing contact with other particularly poor leyton suited this life housing mainly predated could often only parked street there little scope roads reduce congestion from higher number vehicles leytonstone high road main routes london east anglia traffic levels rose notably road-borne freight reaction highway authorities erect barriers northern forcing pedestrians cross footbridge this created unpleasant environment encouraging those leave area blighting what been fairly up-market shopping centre equivalent complete redevelopment side stratford broadway within gyratory traffic system indoor seemed future neglect public transport facilities presumably reflected belief would diminish level example most grand platform canopies covered footbridges stairways railway line barking were demolished 1960s replaced small plain open-fronted shelters brick concrete have regarded acceptable country shelter 1981 western east changed kentish town gospel north woolwich richmond frequency increased hourly half-hourly from abolition march 1986 expenditure reduced even further resulting very shabby trains buses used necessity local employment suffered badly pancras barking' connor page 2005 edition \",\" employment jerry white ‘london twentieth century city people' people leyton close belt industrial concerns along valley which were unable survive globalised economy london furniture industry mainly navigation virtually disappeared including leyton's leytons austinsuite tottenham's tottenhams lebus large sweet confectionery making operations clarnico hackney photo above left barrett's barretts wood green closed though smaller bond's bonds survived newham's newhams largest businesses between 1975 1981 jobs tate lyle factory britain's britains toys walthamstow lesney right between 1959 1974 lost manufacturing compared with loss manchester only liverpool during 1970s fell greater over whole britain bright spot before second world plunged more quickly into post-industrial second half twentieth century short-term result high unemployment much suffering expanses derelict land oral communication young black history group 10th january 2008 \",\" employment continued vacancies were mainly public sector with national health service waltham forest borough council largest employers these changes disasters many lost their jobs often pensions would provide opportunities those ‘post-modern economy' economy such financial services mass entertainment people leyton time change unemployment 1990 east london very high leytonstone always been places from which travel work elsewhere closure most factories walthamstow valley reduced availability skilled semi-skilled manual however place spitalfield fruit vegetable market relocated 1991 site great eastern railway company's companys wagon works caribonum carbon paper taken over operation transferred 1972 operations canada south africa barbados india reflecting hopelessly outdated nostalgia british empire electric wire company lewco closed before buses taking workers ‘thatched house' house junction lesney matchbox factory hackney tate lyle refinery silvertown \",\" local centres much continental western europe pattern sizeable towns which could offer most services including administration geography england adapted less happily higher personal income rapidly expanding retail sector widespread ownership cars vigorous competition required streamlined more centralised distribution goods east side london stratford ilford barking romford became regional shopping centres with branches leading multiple retailers they already railway stations semi-fast stop from radiate those four places made natural larger boroughs created 1965 location council offices relatively minor importance greater encouraged further concentration stores into successful outside ‘waltham forest' forest \",\" retail bearmans department store leytonstone high road closed 1982 incompetent that time co-operative group taken over from original family some years earlier leyton have bookshop area tended which site stores catering those benefiting britain's britains increasing prosperity guardian gazette newspapers january 1989 buildings files \",\" community life widespread ownership made easier belong leisure interest spiritual community supported only enough people form national body increase number television channels radio stations commercial strength newspapers magazines offering viewpoint ‘daily mail' mail example lessened need apparent social face meetings with others groups friends this period which scouts boys' boys brigade similar organisations appeared lose their support eton manor clubs ruckholt road closed 1965-67 they ethos sporting excellence patriotism responsibility taking chin managers boys write from first world front brief history present david boote published \",\" alcohol consumption pubs internal walls were removed from increasing numbers ending class division between public saloon lounge bars other ways 1970s period english town they long been owned small number national breweries largest sought costs replacing traditional beers with inert brews carbonated when served customers dispensers rather than rely talents individual landlords owner-breweries developed identifiable image through advertising standardised external facia created younger classless atmosphere inside amalgamating taking wooden furniture fittings installing plastic-covered ‘banquette' ‘banquette seating greater disposable income particularly among young adults made these modernised extremely popular busiest times week they difficulty serving attracted crowded very heavy smoke \",\" look leyton will that either side bridge road streets face same direction common sense layout there more than boundary gets name because south walthamstow north should celebrate solstice capworth street david boote \",\" capworth street southerly edge strip land about yards across running from river wanstead parish eagle pond that ‘walthamstow slip' slip belonging even though either side leyton there record process which england divided into parishes boundaries often followed rivers streams twisted turned between walthamstow straight line more less whole distance should celebrate solstice david boote \",\" should celebrate solstice capworth street david boote leyton ‘tithe map' prepared 1843 before most houses area been built over shows that field edges were aligned with slip parish boundary road called james lane straight roads usually attributed surveying when britain part roman empire swift movement occupying legions method control section recently found just however bridge road west junction church markhouse much later than creation 18th century turnpike trust does into what know system this side london \",\" should celebrate solstice capworth street david boote ‘walthamstow slip' slip unusual feature mystery this strip land running from river across eastern edge leyton parish which part walthamstow though either side there tale that forfeited because people bury someone died that would explain straightness main boundary between parishes \",\" should celebrate solstice capworth street david boote marsh grazing livestock often divided between number parishes along part manors within stretched from river through fields barren gravels ‘flats' ‘flats this have come more than sense fairness helped system which such cattle could graze poorer higher land when marshes were under water being used grow even new-growth sedge parish wanstead place itself round flats cann hall reach edge west this permanent access does help explain straightness leyton-walthamstow division could route been created leyton hollow ponds river ceremonies mark changing seasons ? flag near peterborough long wooden trackway dating back years bronze found photo preserved section above adjacent deposits precious objects suggest served religious purpose comparable roads across valley witham lincolnshire deposited them stone times chosen location chain medieval abbeys ditches seen francis pryor hedge-lined droveways management below reconstructed droveway might walthamstow slip practical function driving rich \",\" should celebrate solstice capworth street david boote francis pryor also believes that flag causeway droveways could have been used boundaries between landholdings long straight banks walls dartmoor called ‘reaves' ‘reaves interpreted some these ‘co-axial' ‘co-axial running parallel with other reaves part division land into fields sections parish that might origin walthamstow slip bridge road main boundary leyton their separate courses four narrow lanes there were routes which romans built road marked trees photo below modern posts show route bronze ‘post alignment' alignment wanstead's wansteads access marshes took from barren gravel ‘flats' ‘flats low-lying thinly populated area southern high section through cann hall farm another line survives present streets each side farmland back know livestock would need moved such kept them trackway minimised damage crops growing season commoners start grazing after crop august well within crop-growing \",\" should celebrate solstice capworth street david boote another ancient route runs from what hall manor walthamstow bridge still followed ‘black path' path cycle track roughly lines with reasonably straight hackney town south-west along grove martello broadway market goldsmith's goldsmiths this sometimes called ‘porters' ‘porters way' down earth reason people using that would cross river where later built bring wheat grinding water mill there porters' porters changes direction slightly several points which makes doubt alignment rising setting moon planet constellation \",\" should celebrate solstice capworth street david boote have range possible origins leyton alignment that summer rises northeast winter sets southwest with dominating might seemed sensible also respectful supernatural significance basis adjacent field divisions alignments possibly vestiges multiple lines spiritual seen near carnac brittany even flaws speculation suggesting earthworks undertaken stone shaped street layout present mention another type from bronze only possibility explains three parallel boundaries between walthamstow most far-fetched trace causeway been found under marshes even roman crossing river people were clearly travelling backwards forwards periods left guessing which routes used they influenced today's todays geography perhaps make some informed guesses development site close slip should preceded exploratory excavation copying this article this article made available others directly indirectly condition boote's bootes authorship acknowledged subsequent copy text photos revised 22nd december 2008 \",\" social classes poor health water supply religion radicalism education libraries business contents this section clicking arrow ‘turns page' page were reading book contents leisure role women politics 1979-97 heritage demolished local government housing ethnic transport employment community life famous people with quite recent connections area population urban landscape centres retail open spaces quality alcohol consumption pubs cultural \",\" housing increasing economic prosperity isolation those sought socialist revolution permitted partial rebuilding tower blocks other council housing which proved terrible mistake round london waltham forest action trust demolished number replaced them with rise mostly units garden return form streets started work demolishing cathall estate july 1996 praise from prince charles visited road 1992 being homes built traditional lines article stannard leyton leytonstone edition guardian 18th february 1993 1979-97 \",\" health 1997 onwards government tells public that eats unhealthily drinks much alcohol takes little exercise should abandon nicotine smoking long made other narcotic drugs illegal this ‘nagging' ‘nagging surprisingly acceptable where government always been disliked disapproval because habit increased risk lung cancer heart disease health problems resulted tobacco being prohibited buses trains from july 2007 pubs clubs restaurants section contents \",\" politics 1979-97 \",\" ethnic 1997 onwards waltham forest attract couples with forebears different continents take example from well-known actress natasha little parts 1996 married actor poraj been living leytonstone only population were described mixed race lower proportion than seems correct could well indicate problem identity that will felt rising number young people being handled every area's areas schools election barack obama president united states provides parentage enabling personal success 2001 leyton born outside european union this figure calculated before enlargement include countries like poland themselves ‘white british' british data taken office national statistics website using ons's onss ‘super output area' area neighbourhood boundaries recreate approximately area covered former borough america provided state large numbers have heritage northern severe protestants gained independence britain united generally levels prosperity healthcare over world better housing more food television produced relaxed societies until reflected markedly peaceful tolerance others latest noticeable sources immigrants eastern europe recently joined most prominently streets shops southern part voices speaking slavonic languages grocery sections polish foods devoted such items these well-dressed seem difficulty finding employment somewhere live there national enthusiasm ‘buy let' purchasing additional residential properties rent them benefit expected increase property values this enabled recent arrivals ease cost renting through high occupancy implications traditional policies social unemployment discussed section contents \",\" transport faster road linking stratford with motorways eastern avenue planned from before second world became priority central government public enquiry 1983 approved route other details november 1994 campaign against road's roads construction reached climax battle over possession claremont road leytonstone squatting protestors evicted tended better educated more enthusiastic experimental affluent background than residents area public transport london amenities generally were properly maintained renewed leyton particularly little local employment working population would have benefited most increased investment achieved london's londons buses livingstone mayor post created 1999 statute which reflection tony blair's blairs admiration strong leaders constrained only need periodic re-election renovation underground rail services postponed national labour some years after 1997 election victory until economic prosperity been restored there ministers maureen measure writing historical society personal observation 1979-97 \",\" employment continued jerry white ‘london twentieth century city people' people 1979-97 1994 worst year unemployment london area with highest rate nationally being inner boroughs many people grew were educated leyton could relate easily expanding mass media popular culture outstanding example jonathan ross they less likely have been encouraged exploit their original creative talent lena kennedy inspired writing teacher hackney found equivalent rule-bound demoralising even they fitted banking jobs easy journey away isle dogs someone helped create ‘eurodollar market' market george lewis french bolton county high school boys before building essex road explains eurodollar started escape government controls lending rates borrowing foreign companies chosen over potential european competitors because world expertise shipping commodities insurance liberal regulatory regime english business language framework international trade excellent communications position time zone offices stratford profitably converted into private sector flats presumably selling those financial docklands adjacent seen such development mainly social housing unprepossessing external appearance cheap standardised materials token decoration ‘away woods' woods \",\" waltham forest fewer businesses jobs private sector than other outer london borough lowest commercial base capital rate business formation there rates employment self lower average levels skills quarter working population economically inactive stratford been location medium size hotels ibis express holiday 2012 olympic games front british tourism prospects leyton's leytons green open space epping marshes local significance only grand mansions like great house which would surely have important possessions english heritage national trust were demolished 20th century potential regional visitors from parts home counties grudgingly recognised council 21st brought many young people eastern european countries joined union particularly poles somehow they found homes area without being eligible social housing took shops pubs cafes central offices reference philip herlihey walthamstow yahoo group december 2007 newsletter issued stella creasey selected labour party candidate next general election wondering what might done improve this employment 1997 onwards audit commission's commissions corporare assessment report borough september 2008 section contents \",\" community life 1997 onwards sense community area often attributed ethnic diversity believe this excuse given those choose make little contribution leyton today 21st century serious problem arisen with gangs mainly afro-caribbean descent identifying themselves particular housing estates using both routine intimidation occasional extreme violence against other this phenomenon neighbourhoods rebuilt waltham forest housing trust paul erhahon murdered large group youths children gean court some convicted came from addresses like corn section contents \",\" cultural life leytonstone attracted young artists looking cost housing this particularly available later 1980s early 1990s before construction dual carriageway linking redbridge with blackwall tunnel approach road hackney wick internationally recognised artist cornelia parker living radio's radios 'desert desert island discs' discs february 2007 lawley presenter chose excerpts from ‘159 161' graeme miller creator ‘linked' ‘linked audio installation wikipedia 1979-97 \",\" famous people with quite recent connections area artists cornelia parker graeme miller 1979-97 \",\" religion people from pakistan other islamic regions established mosques religious education social organisations waltham forest council's councils website reports that recorded white population fell between 1991 2001 this probably does adequately reflect brief surge number south africans living locally more recent influx eastern europeans regarded ethnic minority groups rose black caribbeans numbered local pakistani people growth total stated their religion christian muslim hindu jewish sikh buddhist other 1997 onwards section contents \",\" data taken from office national statistics website using ons's onss ‘super output area' area neighbourhood boundaries recreate approximately area covered former borough leyton social classes 1979-97 \",\" poor this period which ‘welfare state' state arrived with government providing health care free charge \",\" leisure continued entertainment within home became possible with radio which most british households possessed 1939 substantial sales gramophone records travel easier those money million cars britain gambling largest business ‘hunger very good thing' thing 1930s tony mason ‘from blitz blair history since 1939' edited nick tiratsoo \",\" radicalism leyton have many factories where trade unionism segregation manual workers from office staff managers emphasised class divisions there railway works stratford employing national membership communist party increased 1930 start second world socialism strong adjacent west ‘hunger very good thing' thing britain 1930s tony mason ‘from blitz blair history since 1939' 1939 edited nick tiratsoo \",\" poor continued half population outbreak second world covered national health insurance ‘the good 1939-1945' 1939-1945 steven fielding ‘from blitz blair history britain since 1939' 1939 edited nick tiratsoo \",\" role women from 1968 unmarried women could contraceptive pills legally some years afterwards fewer babies were born mothers adoption children substitute parents fell from 2000 ‘the mother baby homes children born outside marriage twentieth-century england wales' wales gillian clark family community history 2008 \",\" london docks huge enterprise hidden walls high double-decker collapsed remarkably short time late 1960s competitive success freight containers packed country origin shipped continental port like rotterdam transferred road trailer brought across channel felixstowe dover then motorway distribution depot destroyed labour-intensive between 1967 1971 katherine's katherines east india surrey closed followed west millwall royal 1980-81 closure major factor reduction unskilled labour employment same containerisation made large temple mills marshalling yards leyton with their hump sorting trucks redundant 1968 1975 national wagon-load traffic fell from million tonnes year capable handling over wagons were only dealing 1982 staff early 1985 third number 1981 though stratford railway works 1963 future wagon works looked promising contributed development rolling stock freightliner cars cartic tunnel 1978 workforce almost extended acres 1983 jerry white ‘london twentieth century city people' people illustrated history british marshalling yards michael rhodes camb frcs 1988 article ‘modern railways' railways december harris introduction passmore edwards museum north woolwich station great eastern railway society reprinting railway's ‘memoranda connected locomotive carriage mills' employment continued \",\" social classes poor health water supply religion radicalism education libraries business contents this section clicking arrow ‘turns page' page were reading book leisure role women politics 1997 onwards heritage demolished local government housing ethnic transport employment community life famous people with quite recent connections area population urban landscape centres retail open spaces quality alcohol consumption pubs contents \",\" politics long period prosperity made most people sufficiently content with government politics leave them small number choose these areas career conflict more between different arms example hospitals which wish minimise in-patient stays local authority social services struggle support those unable look after themselves until they have some progress towards recovery multi-cultural society perhaps only bodies honestly claim represent whole population leyton 21st century certainly many cultures marginalises community life voluntary organisations political parties aspire might also impartiality there widely held belief that decisions taken favoured labour councillors favour under party control since 1997 central funding been targeted greatest deprivation terms poverty problems such criteria electoral ward cathall cann hall eligible extra resources onwards section contents \",\" leyton 2001 still home significant number middle class people managerial professional technical jobs data taken from office national statistics website using ons's onss ‘super output area' area neighbourhood boundaries recreate approximately area covered former borough social classes 1997 onwards section contents \",\" famous people with quite recent connections area actress natasha little 1997 onwards comedy actress writer meera syal used live leytonstone facing part epping forest glade opinion first line year 2000 book ‘life isn't isnt hee' reads even snowfall could make leyton look lovely section contents \",\" 1979-97 employment miracle mirage? thatcher years 1979-1997 paul hirst ‘from blitz blair history britain since 1939' 1939 edited nick tiratsoo first years conservative government with margaret prime minister from 1979 were period turmoil british economy rose million 1982 industrial output fell average manufacturing capacity reduced about interest rates reached 1980 that year pound sterling increased value against other currencies inflation prices 1981 these conditions helped those able increase their income match surpass inflation during 1980s earnings faster than 1986 london suburb leyton might expected have fared better industrial town northern england midlands should been well placed benefit shift wealth creation financial media services which took extensive office space central isle dogs jerry white writes ‘london twentieth century city people' people crisis traditional base deconstructing public realm shabby withering large numbers people pauperized without work hope there another high interest peaking 1990 \",\" population 1997 onwards waltham forest's forests profile very similar london average over last years grown slowly steadily most significant growth being group audit commission's commissions corporare assessment report borough forest september 2008 section contents \",\" should celebrate solstice capworth street david boote ‘crop marks' marks seen aerial photographs have helped identify quite examples stone feature pairs ditches running parallel with each other some distance often meeting ditch that joins long ones this type earthwork known ‘cursus' ‘cursus found site terminal built heathrow airport archaeologists suggested sunset winter community would gather outside enclosure possibly having observed their leaders processing along cursus this point' point many cursus features close rivers starting ending river they incorporate changes direction slight definite walked could walthamstow slip 21st december 2008 considered myself very lucky cloud cover less than 100% walking down shortly before o'clock oclock brightest part straight ahead somewhat right north there chance seeing beneath horizon even there been clouds alignment best unproven  from review timothy darvill transactions london middlesex archaeological society volume 2007 ‘landscape evolution middle thames valley excavations pathways ceremonies monuments britain ireland edited alistair barclay harding view across hollow ponds near ‘walthamstow slip' house 21st december looking southwest \",\" silk road leytonstone david boote there connection between city middle east which oldest world centuries been exotic cultures halab known venetian english traders ‘aleppo' ‘aleppo syria within long-lived extensive ottoman empire best route across desert from river euphrates inhabited since 11th millennium through came goods regions around rivers tigris along well-frequented routes baghdad basra spices asia until about 1600 silk iran 1722 well mosul damascus round base mountains rather than coast have photos provide links internet first link shows photo also connections with anatolia north population only istanbul capital cairo were larger mile half movement through foot wealthy back animal divided into quarters closed night each other except watched gates roughly households dwellings faced inwards courtyard exterior windows density building sounds adjacent open courtyards meant that people knew great deal their neighbours each quarter shops providing normal mosque barbershop street signs house numbers maps neighbourhoods religiously mixed even name suggested otherwise street photos souk bazaar market neighbourhoods might predominant character exclusively homogeneous least lived outside walls within governor high officials garrison offices prisons residences élite higher education colleges occupations including positions islamic religious authority hereditary dominated families dealt grain money owned land town collected taxes administered charities sultan appointed year terms office head busy wide-ranging shari'a sharia court ‘qadi' ‘qadi ‘pasha' ‘pasha both civil military loyal soldiers great citadel \",\" silk road leytonstone david boote foreign merchants halab were almost french english they separate self-regulating communities their governments made agreements with sultan defining their national merchants' privileges appointed consuls acted intermediaries between authorities 1743 samuel bosanquet born 1700 purchased forest house near junction james lane whipps cross survived until 1964 though hospital built inside grounds 1903 elaborate fireplace preserved original entrance hospital possibly sections perimeter wall only survivals second taken refuge london from persecution protestants king louis france could afford because older brother disinherited 1730 marrying against wishes father died 1732 with suddenly improved prospects able 1733 marry mary daughter heiress william dunster deputy governor levant company royal exchange assurance resident manor hall walthamstow 1741 churchwarden leyton 1742-43 samuel's samuels worked when young foreigners tolerated kept cultural distance ‘khan' ‘khan ‘factory' ‘factory compound windowless walls outside courtyard centre storage rooms ground floor living accommodation above this arrangement been compared cells convent university college quadrangle photo residence that know khan \",\" silk road leytonstone david boote merchants were isolated living apart having family with them reliant locals communication arabic italian jewish established businesses halab took local people into their employment protection during 18th consuls extended greatly number mainly christian whom they granted privileges which included exemption these privileged christians jews came about foreign would hunting horse-riding outside city walls otherwise alcohol food chief ways release tensions restricted life there society initiation rites ‘knights malhue' malhue dressed more like turks than europeans bosanquet himself painted that costume when back england history levant company' company alfred wood returned london 1729 became director assurance practice insurance begun ships goods then fire younger brother pierre family's familys representative period 1731-36 samuel claude fourth largest british business importing silk from accounting trade 2  died 1741 buried woodford where owned house aleppo devonshire square english traders eighteenth century ralph davis \",\" silk road leytonstone david boote charles ii's reign forest house been remodelled rebuilt diarist john evelyn implied entry 16th march 1683 james houblon that earlier huguenot trader with levant seems have just coincidence because heathcote family sold mansion samuel bosanquet another apparent that there once leyton parish church wooden tablet memory mr charles goodfellow merchant halab 1686 1738 successful edward radcliffe married woman much younger than home died childless owned estate hitchin samuel's samuels father fled london when louis xiv's xivs persecution protestants crystallised revocation edict nantes in1685 immediately went into business importing silk from middle east must occupation lyons england through company conducting trade exporting cloth woven using same ships france becoming increasingly formidable competitor bosanquet's bosanquets expertise welcomed could provide weavers material obtained naturalisation british citizen 1697 young french protestant following year life cannot easy even though achieved near-instant success english hated huguenots entered their craft merchants imported provided bail surety 1698 accused smuggling those become eminent commerce community 1696 wrote benefit successors cloth trade noble many people live sends thereof turkey want gain thereby imploys care diligence buying ordering dressing aleppo devonshire square traders eighteenth century ralph davis environs daniel lysons volume counties herts essex kent 1796 158-82 \",\" silk road leytonstone david boote levant company first granted royal charter 1581 held government-enforced monopoly cloth trade with ottoman empire main middle east base halab merchants were more whig than other liveries original india last quarter 17th took business away from importing silks persia although william iii's william iiis france harmed short term turkey traders second largest group subscribers rival bank england which provided vital finance william iii's iiis here photo present dealing textiles london livery companies goods transported camel between port miles north-west iskenderun iskandarun iskanderoon alexandretta letters months company's companys ships sailed together once year samuel bosanquet remained active city businessman became deputy governor decline 1730 bosanquets their connections persisted better times again 1749 1756 there temporary respite weak english trading position supply silk bengal disrupted turned china alternative supplies before this brought prices back down full effect world market felt turkish cities there opportunity importers make extraordinary profits fractured society politics party 1688-1715 gary stuart krey 1985 aleppo devonshire square eighteenth century ralph davis site home page \",\" silk road leytonstone david boote 1753 made much easier become member levant company management harder control bosanquet family continued participate account book last years samuel bosanquet's bosanquets life 1758 1760 shows transactions with weavers london mercers dealers high quality cloth thought responsible adding portico parapet forest house having rear façade rebuilt next generation 1744-1806 lived younger brother william 1746-1813 retained interest trade ottoman empire wrote halab representative hays from 1765 1806 1770 told that turkey would profitable standards money tied when full four required bring things home which long time risk europe vicissitudes individuals involved became deputy governor strangely obituary ‘gentlemen's ‘gentlemens magazine' magazine stated never engaged business 1774 also director bank england 1791-93 royal exchange assurance banking connections friend john soane architect changes kind known commissioner port french hospital 1782 bath street finsbury near present junction city been staunch supporters hanoverians have counted whigs 1792 tory enough chair meeting merchants bankers declaring support pitt's pitts government during france lobbying navy protection british commercial interests smyrna longstanding alternative western european probably talked about more than striking memorial designed commemorate bosanquet ii churchyard mary's marys leyton demolished 1957 1964 family's familys principal dingestow court monmouth sold 1889 ‘the story bosanquets' grace lawless account estate goring walthamstow essex frederick temple re-published historical society aleppo devonshire square english traders eighteenth century ralph davis http frenchhospital hospitalhistory \",\" leytonstone high road green shopping streets \",\" leytonstone high road green remember mother taking lyons corner house which barclays bank bowl soup buttered roll home colonial stores more less opposite bearmans saturday morning pictures rialto also ludlows bakers church lane smell fresh bread being baked fabulous there used shop that sold types teas coffee sacks unfortunately cannot name from lovely worked quality store very ‘are being served' served type place always father christmas arriving down with dagenham girl pipers particular year ride gondola girl eileen back main list contents ‘bottom drawer' drawer \",\" from eileen born nissen whipps cross road 1947 sure believe huts were used temporarily re-home people before getting permanent lodgings they very near hollow ponds forest playground some occasions would share living room with cows free roam your front door left open then sometimes walked \",\" contents this section clicking arrow ‘turns page' page were reading book 1688 1727 reigns william mary anne george contents about copying parts website houses well-off immigrant landowners john strype design wealthy landscaped grounds gardens plant nurseries \",\" 1688 1727 reigns william mary anne george houses well-off those could pick choose where live 18th century favoured homes within short journey london areas sandy gravel deposits around edge hampstead heath blackheath putney wimbledon commons leyton wanstead flats these provided access clean water from wells springs facilitated construction cesspits drains remove waste were higher than surrounding though dramatically north-east caught summer breezes infertile they been much settled which desirable contrast that grown rapidly population suffering problems disease slums pollution perspective privileged weak social control section contents \",\" here made chapman andre 1777 which time grange home thomas blayden also spelled bladen avenues trees further reduced  the ornamental lakes have slightly looser shapes contrast with page elegant house leyton naturalistic shape pools waterways introduced stowe towards middle 18th century seen photo below change grange's granges lake just resulted from less scrupulous maintenance \",\" 1688 1727 reigns william mary anne george landscaped grounds gardens 1720 john strype praised extensive ‘great house' house magnificent beautiful seat fisher tench bart adorned with large most delightful plantations walks groves mounts summerhouses pleasant canals stored fish fowl curious vistoes prospect {strype's {strypes revision stow's stows survey london} house have been built after fisher's fishers father nathaniel died 1710 drawn area roque 1741-45 shows facing what became leyton high road quite close long vista rear south-east forming another length grass right-angles extended avenue trees north-east shorter south-west behind cross-avenue straight canal water shape from circular pond beyond which there left view parterre planted beds divided paths geometric pattern there sign softer curvilinear semi-natural style landscape design developed kent others section contents \",\" 1688 1727 reigns william mary anne george landscaped grounds gardens continued leyton grange house described elsewhere this website seems significant that landscaping took account what might have improved outlook from windows great road entrance facade john roque shows facing down became capworth street church road with planted beds dagenham brook been redirected form outwards curve kind extension this bend survives also short straight extended further away house avenue trees section contents \",\" 1688 1727 reigns william mary anne george landscaped grounds gardens continued 1741-45 when john roque mapping area were unimpressive from front back house stretched avenue composed double lines trees slightly north approach there roughly parallel with single straight-sided ornamental lake island lost visual connection house 1728 richard cushee seems shows ruckholt surrounded some ambitious landscaping kind carried around wanstead about this time rather awkwardly done rear points towards river either octagonal water basin rectangular pieces rightangles each other grass planted beds equivalent such features right links ‘canal' ‘canal left more open probably immature only high road shown archer's archers 1721 benjamin collyer have including where coronation gardens grimsby 1722-1727 merchant brother-in-law robert knight cashier south company knight's knights same name gained title manor sold tylney family history parliament commons 1715-1754 romney sedgwick 1970 section contents \",\" plant nurseries planting foreign trees particularly north american became hobby rich nursery ground once adam holt continued john 1759 1792 james hill 1761 1832 harold road adjacent streets contained several water pumps opposite street pump leytonstone high there ‘bourne' ‘bourne which same bourne charity land 1775 there were three nurserymen eight market-gardeners leyton these spencer turner along south side what called langthorne from brierley victoria created semi-evergreen named after him  'quercus quercus turneri' turneri richard syborne nurseryman bridge 1755 {early nurserymen with reprints documents lists harvey phillimore 1974} site later becoming overton belvedere hitcham roads fraser's frasers well-known 19th century pamplin's pamplins black marsh farm ‘nursery estate' estate 1727 accession george 1793 execution louis france section contents \",\" plant nurseries 17th century diarist john evelyn enthusiast ornamental gardens grounds nurseryman adam holt paying rates from 1710 1729 large area ground near grove green carried work wanstead house moved that premises marked harold road adjacent streets 1688 1727 reigns william mary anne george section contents \",\" transport poor religion nonconformity alcohol consumption pubs contents this section clicking arrow ‘turns page' page were reading book 1727 accession george 1793 execution louis france contents about copying parts website landowners design houses wealthy landscaped grounds gardens plant nurseries \",\" 1688 1727 reigns william mary anne george design houses wealthy great house leyton high road probably built around 1705 1710 fisher tench thought have been altered major before demolition 1905 shortly after being recorded recently created survey london http archive details greathouseleyton00gunnrich built deep red-brown bricks with purple tinge principal storeys plus rooms roof basement half above ground level windows across arranged central group bays under pediment flanked each side equivalent wings brick pilasters divided grouping upper lower halves sash were panes high garden front similar westward-facing street house hall making ‘triple pile' pile cupola survives parish church mary's marys intended storage other than ‘heating chamber' chamber pump right entrance carriage turning circle large stable block some point 18th century early 19th remodelled style adam brothers drawing room left wing from rear however features retained christopher wren contemporaries such heavy pediments over internal doorways exterior rendered time presumably when this became fashionable surviving which might compared eltham lodge cromwell highgate hill chevening kent carshalton section contents \",\" 1688 1727 reigns william mary anne george design houses wealthy continued leyton grange house described elsewhere this website have been comparable argill richmond danson bexley mount clare roehampton location house itself only hundred yards down park road drawn 1860 john roque's roques mapping 1740s make look though track that became church once within feet church diverted slightly keep little further from well enlarging churchyard orchard extended behind looking capworth street modern street names remodelled around 1700 probably father david gansel built eagle mitcham stories windows across 19th century brick storeys high with central section bays flanked sections wide scrolled pediment doorway front faced walled forecourt wooden entrance gates east flanking stable blocks {leyton walthamstow slip chapman} 1770 courtyard harmonious composition classical architecture centre colonnade stables similar building left right walls rangers between blackheath greenwich soon after curve-fronted wings later portland stone dressings door section contents \",\" design houses wealthy knotts green house rebuilt older foundations soon after gilbert slater bought property 1785 making highest rated private leyton that time later plans show roughly square building right-angles with curved window north south fronts edward rowe mores built etloe 1760 described lysons whimsical construction' construction later remodelled know what looked like originally including basement storeys full-height bays back forest samuel bosanquet 1750s probably adding balustrade rendering front rebuilding rear wall mid-19th century shows have wings projecting north-east towards epping 1727 accession george 1793 execution louis france section contents \",\" landscaped grounds gardens know when knotts green house were given their fundamental design late 19th century plans show trees closely planted around edges fields many these field containing paths perhaps avenues looking more like half-hidden walks drifting left right with occasional summerhouse some least could date back fashion curves garden from about 1730s leytonstone 1875 curving gently this case definitely within narrow belt woodland such path edge down kent charles darwin think natural selection photo below forest house never seems have landscaping than approach carriages some fine modest ornamental 1727 accession george 1793 execution louis france section contents \",\" 1688 1727 reigns william mary anne george design houses wealthy continued 1728 richard cushee seems show ruckholt house with long narrow wings matching some ambitious landscaping kind carried around wanstead about this time archer's archers 1721 does these leyton green said have been built 1712 storeys main front windows having attics above flanked each side flat-roofed bays pulled down 1915 site became garage park leytonstone high road thought 1705 though altered later 1845 brick-faced high ‘bays' ‘bays across deep upper lower halves sash panes {drawing old} house described when home widow nicholas magens also known meighin died 1779 section contents \",\" landscaped grounds gardens continued know when knotts green house were given their fundamental design late 19th century plans show trees closely planted around edges fields many these field containing paths perhaps avenues looking more like half-hidden walks drifting left right with occasional summerhouse some least could date back fashion curves garden from about 1730s leytonstone 1875 curving gently this case definitely within narrow belt woodland such path edge down kent charles darwin think natural selection landscaping forest seems have been limited wealth owners gilbert heathcote permission 1709 avenue 1742 there grotto ‘grove' ‘grove paved black white marble later generations inherited approach carriages some fine modest ornamental 1727 accession george 1793 execution louis france section contents \",\" design houses wealthy continued 1741-44 john roque shows house roughly same position similar alignment size leytonstone house that building given later dates even 1830 existed 1812 because plan dated year seems show curved bays rear which would have been wings conveyancing piece common land appropriated philip sansom give frontage distancing little more from roadway implications some time before modifications were made wings with ends added rangers blackheath about 1750 remodelling valentines mansion ilford create around 1769 thought treatment water walthamstow 1727 accession george 1793 execution louis france section contents \",\" landowners john strange lawyer lived leyton grange house from 1735 1737 member parliament west looe robert walpole's walpoles government from 1742 until death 1754 totnes samuel bosanquet bought forest 1743 descendants held leading commercial posts city london 1787 gilbert slater east india merchant director assurance company knotts green 1790 joseph cotton moved into rich ship's ships captain became elder brother trinity docks governor corporation fellow royal society other occupants grandest houses spent quiet life thomas oliver great 1758 father made money trading with caribbean plantation owners going stand election support wilkes gave illness reason withdrawing took further part politics manors northwest fillebrook stream which once belonged stratford langthorne abbey been divided shares during civil ruckholt sold hickes family 1720 south bubble fraudster knight swiftly disgraced there therefore something power vacuum 1727 accession george 1793 execution louis france section contents history parliament commons 1715-1754 romney sedgwick mile town derek morris \",\" 1688 1727 reigns william mary anne george immigrant landowners king james fled overwhelming opposition catholic religion strong central rule dutch prince orange vulnerable usurper throne huguenots protestants fleeing persecution louis france made reliable friends they money acquired wealth mystery somehow paid large houses david gansel gained from bitter quarrel that fellow huguenot charles marescoe's marescoes widow leonora with their daughter also called {markets merchants late seventeenth century marescoe-david letters 1668-1680' 1668-1680 edited roseveare british academy records social economic history ser[ies] 1987 moved hackney leyton 1695 {‘leyton house walthamstow slip' slip chapman} living about 1706 between women marescoe family remarkable length time continued extended legal proceedings significant consequences more than section contents \",\" 1688 1727 reigns william mary anne george landowners nathaniel tench house leyton 1684 {holcroft} name been given medieval england aristocracy french german jewish origins founders first directors bank therefore seems have supporter glorious revolution gilbert heathcote forest house from 1703 wealthiest commercially powerful loyalty church suspect staunch whig reliable orange later hanoverian kings whom many even less affection difficult relationship with queen founder member syndicate which bought largest amount government securities {john carswell south bubble 1993 revised edition} still owned when died 1733 though made main residence normanton rutland opposed monopoly east india company closely connected josiah child wanstead rebuilt 1715 imposing design land requirement exercise political judicial power successful businessmen like were usually very anxious land convert themselves into gentry they force more visible than generally hickes baronet inherited lordship lands manor ruckholt father same 1680 declared insane 1699 {dnb strype} section contents \",\" landscape transport poor education pubs contents this section clicking arrow ‘turns page' page were reading book 1642 1688 civil glorious revolution contents about copying parts website ‘great houses' houses temple mills landowners commonwealth following restoration charles \",\" landowners civil commonwealth 1642 1688 glorious revolution ownership manor leyton grange split ways during which seems like exceptional arrangement times this will have effect strengthening position hickes family ruckholt manor leaving them undisputed leaders community section contents roundheads between 1639 1644 samuel keeme rector only parish minister probably spent little time there joined parliamentarian army 1641 gave sermons cause some prominent occasions lawrence moyer merchant stephen's stephens walbrook warden trinity house churchwarden 1649 being given title captain suggests roundhead army brother pitsea hall member ‘barebone's ‘barebones parliament' parliament served 1656 committee rebuilding church trustee john smith's smiths almshouses from 1653 1683 sounds french name been irish scottish living earlier when bought property south side what hainault road near junction with high home hearths 1662 william lord made baronet 1619 older half-brother 1635 initially supported against charles changed sides \",\" 1688 1727 reigns william mary anne george john strype vicar parish church mary's marys been there since 1669 after seized throne started publish books chronicling praising wisdom elizabethan reformation rural dean barking role promoting whig candidates parliament {dnb entry} hickes lord manor ruckholt provided with papers collected william's williams great grandfather secretary cecil queen elizabeth's elizabeths secretary state appears have community political religious outlook between leyton's leytons most important landowner section contents \",\" landowners continued thomas bladen briefly been governor maryland before made leyton grange home around 1754 self-effacing died 1780 succeeded nathaniel brassey banker moyer family largest houses parish south side what hainault road near junction with high rated having windows 1785 first known live captain lawrence fiery puritan descendants only paying their share local rates charitable collections 1727 accession george 1793 execution louis france section contents \",\" 1688 1727 reigns william mary anne george landowners continued lawrence moyer inherited family property what south side hainault road near junction with leyton high happier support church england than captain father helped vicarage 1693 only hickes josiah child contributed more cost enlarging chancel church which cause puritan would have supported john kennedy history parish essex 1894 page section contents \",\" leyton county high school girls colworth road miss foot's foots class 1938-39 back rita knowling joyce multon gwen grout joan davis audrey naylor mead margaret orriss alma [surname unknown] middle iris winger june howard allen doreen peach foster lucy kreite doris maiden phyllis maytum irene pallett front foot sits between pupils have been identified this photo comes from collection mark carroll \",\" more about kingston road leytonstone first laid landowners manby-colegrave family around 1879-1882 name melrose until 1903 1904 know origin either second street north from crownfield victoria demolished 1968 creation avenue council housing estate street party 1951 celebrate festival britain photo supplied derek lawes \",\" more about chichester road leytonstone residents celebrate 30th august 1919 negotiation peace treaty after great which later renamed first world road was first occupied some time around 1887 1888  the inspiration street name known developed manby-colegrave family owned cann hall property estate originally parish wanstead transferred leyton local authority area \",\" chichester road leytonstone street party 1953 celebrate coronation queen elizabeth photo supplied derek lawes back streets index \",\" contents this section clicking arrow ‘turns page' page were reading book 1793 execution louis france 1837 accession queen victoria contents about copying parts website landscape houses \",\" landscape gazetteer sites essex associated with humphry repton edited fiona cowell georgina green either side bridge road grass 1800 from whipps cross south west were extensive parklands forest knotts houses leyton grange section church house other looking along capworth street each their parkland grounds south both banks fillebrook down boundary west including wanstead slip fields mainly under crops there must have been great need stockproof hedges fencing keep animals into paddock 1793 execution louis france 1837 accession queen victoria section contents ruckholt impressively landscaped formal gardens straight avenues trees 18th century progressed 19th became fashionable admire opposites  awe-inspiring mountains sheer drops ‘sublime' ‘sublime thick tangled woods twisting streams unexpected wild flowers this time epping back rotational basis could provide scenery free from human intervention which sought immediately abandoned wealthy large houses surrounded semi-natural curving mixture shrubs that popular leading consultant gave advice rebuilding walwood about 1816 leytonstone given pair semi-circular extensions comparable those valentines mansion near ilford water walthamstow later become william morris gallery land thomas milne \",\" landscape continued arable meadow were thought 1796 about equal 1843 there acres grass arable reduced area under crop explain proportionately fewer families supported agriculture 1831 than 1811 slight decrease population attributed time lack employment 1793 execution louis france 1837 accession queen victoria section contents north east leyton ‘flats' ‘flats open space comparable hampstead heath putney blackheath like those places popular locations houses prosperous ordinary people's peoples homes clusters between green bridge road sections high frog near what became abbotts park blue south lion browning pond known ‘the crib' crib \",\" landscape continued 1793 execution louis france 1837 accession queen victoria section contents ordinary people's peoples homes were clusters between leyton green bridge road sections high frog near what became abbotts park blue south lion browning pond known ‘the crib' crib \",\" houses 1793 execution louis france 1837 accession queen victoria section contents ownership prominent district near this period early 1830s follows samuel bosanquet 1768-1843 owned forest house spent most time dingestow court monmouth rented from 1831 john theophilus daubuz great about 1805 until died leyton grange william rhodes brick-maker hackney tenant 1829 death 1843 landlord owner lane catherine moyer charge apparently 17th century construction robert barclay occupier knotts green 1821 1853 cotton rebuilt walwood live there 1866 renting walnut tree between ‘manor house' capworth street empty 1830 pardoe moved into 1832 click enlarge \",\" design houses wealthy 1727 accession george 1793 execution louis france section contents those could pick choose where live 18th century favoured homes within short journey london areas sandy gravel deposits around edge hampstead heath blackheath putney wimbledon common leyton wanstead flats these provided access clean water from wells springs facilitated construction cesspits drains remove waste were higher than surrounding though dramatically north-east caught summer breezes infertile they been much settled which desirable contrast that grown rapidly population suffering problems disease slums pollution perspective privileged weak social control \",\" area covered this very short history leyton leytonstone about parish urban district borough which longer official existence does have some natural boundaries river west flowing through marshes east northeast barren areas without much topsoil wanstead flats usually called hollow ponds open space administered city london corporation part epping forest \",\" terrain district covered this history highest northeast corner leytonstone lowest along marshes west south-west which used called leyton higher area north east mainly heathland categorised acid grassland 18th century historian lysons described abounding with fine springs gravels underlie most feet thick near baker's bakers arms junction gravel beds resist weathering surface covering hollow ponds they provided water from shallow wells solid constructional base drainage potential there belt london clay eastern side valley south site ruckholt manor house edge what mills retail estate previously engineer's engineers railway yard point meets absorbed into flat areas over thames river terrace deposits undated summary bore hole public baths high road tesco supermarket pamphlet britain's britains structure scenery dudley stamp 1690s social atlas craig spence published centre metropolitan history 2000 times edited hugh clout edition 2004 page \",\" first settlement human beings victorian resident hackney worthington smith also known worthington-smith discovered ‘palaeolithic early stone north east london working floor' floor same level both sides seen east side leyton street [now called high road] near walnut tree house with stone flakes sharp knives after last much england became covered woodland though land beside river marshes provided opportunities fishing transport later hay-crops meadow grazing waterpower mills \",\" stone between 4000 2000 people following neolithic life farming crops animals pottery brought about reduction trees particularly which might also have suffered from disease 3000 somerset levels least learnt crop grow rods suitable making track surface hurdles wood used surfacing soft ground various locations near rivers thames appears grown naturally some parts britain southeast late bronze ages moulded landscape into form survived this with earthworks huge stones burial mounds ‘barrows' ‘barrows were feature level areas well chalk uplands they later ploughed ‘the history countryside' countryside oliver rackham talk jane sidell inspector ancient monuments london english heritage middlesex archaeological society 13th october 2009 ‘excavations belmarsh west woolwich' woolwich dicon hart archaeologist spring 2010 kevin ritchie others ‘environment land lower valley innova park former royal ordnance factory enfield' enfield lamas transactions 2008 tribes david miles \",\" bronze tree cover britain reduced though proportion that remained unclear farming communities became established number features objects dating back have been found archaeologists where oliver close later built also ring-ditch circular alignment postholes fence alignments central line emerges from tunnel west high road leyton orient football ground these sites close marshes valley slightly higher ground neolithic tree clearance washed soil into made what they nearer thames crops were grown sandy islands 1500 which time preferred clay further river islands rising above surrounding marsh used pasture animals particularly summer valley near might provided such late remains enfield commonest livestock bones cattle rather than sheep goats pigs reservoirs created walthamstow marshes 1862 these excavations boast more prehistoric finds weapons tools must shared culture wooden piles about inches deep extending along least feet frank corner main investigator this deposition precious rivers common ritual england ‘the history countryside' countryside rackham talk jane sidell inspector ancient monuments london english heritage middlesex archaeological society 13th october 2009 tribes david miles p100 talk ‘pollen analysis archaeology valley' michael keith-lucus reading university 2008 kevin ritchie others ‘environment land lower innova park former royal ordnance factory enfield' lamas transactions \",\" ancient routes leytonstone high road follows ridge high ground traffic route ancient slopes down westwards across leyton using beginning slope ensure well-drained rising green roundabout ‘the thatched house road' archaeological watching brief 2005 david sankey museum london archaeology service pamphlet \",\" iron archaeological finds from found locations within walthamstow marshes show human settlement continued there presumably leyton marshes well ritual killings burials bogs were feature culture none been near valley roman times britain tree cover cannot have hugely greater than pollen samples taken site stratford international station contain hazel dogwood late mesolithic bronze ages grass nettle which might indicate some arable farming within epping forest substantial bank ditch enclosures amesbury loughton perhaps used refuges people livestock settlements uphall little ilford what later became market generations before conquest boundary between territories catuvellauni based wheathampstead albans trinovantes colchester know long united under cunobelin time probably other periods talk london middlesex society andy crockett senior project manager wessex archaeology march 2008 history countryside' countryside oliver rackham times edited hugh clout edition 2004 page ‘prehistoric essex' essex james kemble \",\" iron continued there been some rethinking recently about inhabitants england time brought into roman empire they spoke same language people other side channel least them writing practised either nature that unknown design surviving objects from differs somewhat continental equivalents stephen oppenheimer ‘the origins british' british believes over ancestors english today were hunter-gatherer invasions migrations anglo-saxons vikings normans provide less than each britain conquest seen ‘celtic' ‘celtic sense being descended invaders though does validity concept celts culture spreading southern france italy spain \",\" romano-british period roads continued sections roman road have been identified running from great dunmow chigwell high road continuation route wanstead suspected which would involve crossing river roding what private hospital john shepherd speculates that another chelmsford caesaromagus joined durolitum east side then affected tides ordnance survey guide britain 2001 ‘wanstead park revealed' revealed published parkside community project 2007 along parallel with ‘walthamstow slip' slip might known ‘egg clump' clump claybury charlie brown's browns roundabout changed direction eagle pond extension leytonstone connect line elmcroft avenue possibility another suggested south-west modern nutter lane george green reach cann hall farm ‘the living park' 2009 \",\" romano-british period roads section bridge road from whipps cross knotts green follow route roman road boundary between parishes walthamstow leyton recently discovered clyde place beaumont estate this have been aligned north-south with capworth street slip later reference which three features running roughly parallel each other discovery represent only traces found east side valley high subsequently diverged onto easterly bend reflect change direction branching represented \",\" romano-british period roads continued road from leyton might have been part measures prevent recurrence boadicea's boadiceas rebellion fell quickly there were objects short section found clyde place existence roman through beaumont estate suggests that area then clear trees which would otherwise provide cover ambush agriculture used plough cutting vertically long narrow fields possible distinctive field boundaries running parallel bridge road seen tithe about 1840 date back times networks co-axial sometimes located beside roads orientations they shared these must either romans their successors capworth street ‘walthamstow slip' slip into east-west suggesting route taken least contrast stewart ainsworth time team programme talks fosse crashing systems therefore older chilterns keith branigan rosalind niblett your landscape detective investigating where richard muir \",\" romano-british period agriculture settlement right-angle bend church road feature roman coins were found inner angle large subterranean structure nearby grounds grange house park which interpreted 18th century sadly preserved 1978 agricultural features date south-west ditches have been south knotts green site livingstone college tower could area between what bridge estate ‘leytonstone' ‘leytonstone named after roadside stone reputed known ‘high stone' stone because position high ground tesserae mosaic tiling pieces matalans store leytonstone high national monuments record report 404475 apparently from eleanor scott gazetteer villas britain' britain 1993 959820 references essex journal 15-70 britannia london archaeologist archaeology history pre-construct joanna taylor peter moore manager code beu04 grid reference 3785 8770 beaumont oral communication neil houghton \",\" 1642 1688 civil glorious revolution royalist side charles goring married alice baker inherited forest house death husband thomas bakers lived suffolk whose family were loyal stuarts made home visited diarist john evelyn 1669 1658 ruckholt searched weapons following hickes gave dinner guests impressed support being quietly gathered this time restoration king unfortunately know what discussed that landowners commonwealth continued \",\" 1642 1688 civil glorious revolution landowners following restoration charles after lawrence moyer took oaths supremacy allegiance member trinity house nevertheless detained deputy lieutenants essex 1661 them hickes ruckholt searched moyer's moyers house found barrels gunpowder pistols nothing seems have come from this paid money bond brother samuel released prison remained puritan excommunicated 1683 died 1685 aged 1663 visited after hunting years later pepys friends invited themselves dinner because they thought william mean wanted make \",\" 1642 1688 civil glorious revolution care poor bequest from john smith paid construction almshouses near parish church 1650s robert harrington built substantial landholding along leytonstone high road which left will support poor bourne lincolnshire \",\" landowners following restoration charles cont'd contd 1681 james houblon huguenot refugee took over forest house 1682 friendly with samuel pepys they both helped create town tunbridge wells kent other famous diarist royal navy administrator john evelyn visited that building director east india levant companies london common councilman 1675-83 1688-90 1691-92 september 1692 became alderman aldersgate ward first directors bank england true whig july 1698 elected city already died 1700 marescoe moved leyton from 1665 {‘leyton walthamstow slip' slip david chapman} lawrence moyer nephew roundhead name living 1667 member group merchants financiers resented domination company 1680s tory pro-court clique headed josiah child wanstead \",\" 1642 1688 civil glorious revolution temple mills john berisford major supplier gunpowder parliamentary side from sewardstone early 1650s stopped producing during 1670s were being used manufacture naval guns shells brass instruments leyton parish registers make numerous references workers 1677 1681 royal ordnance retrieving material project's projects patron charles ii's uncle prince rupert died following year 1687 making again explosion 1690 killed huguenot owner enterprise peter paine with wife parson maidservant buried west fairclough industrial site 17th century essex archaeology history 1991 p115 \",\" 1642 1688 civil glorious revolution pubs green established unknown length time before 1660 plough harrow appears records 1651 robin hood 1670 later became lion recently several name changes 1686 there were beds guests stabling horses leytonstone which near london much demand overnight stay king's kings head leyton behind licensed trade waltham forest oral history workshop 2006 \",\" dyers hall road photo party angle where london midland railway line viaduct background crossed over between liverpool street epping from which sidings spread towards grove green signals telegraph post supplied alex wilkinson 18th century this area part plant nursery with entrance leytonstone high john peck donated land fund four homes widows company members lived bethnal terraced houses were built along road from some time 1895 1901 \",\" lancaster road leytonstone road was first occupied some time 1870 1871 altered eastern development 1960s council housing origin street name known \",\" site home page leyton leytonstone historical society offers these magazine style articles  elegant house grange should celebrate solstice capworth street silk road using mini notebook computers note-taking \",\" young redhead quiet time leyton london been place free spirits drawing exceptional personalities from other parts british isles further away suburban life which attracted them playwright left-wing intellectual pundit george bernard shaw however live short period though born into protestant family dublin then firmly under london's londons control victorian kind person brought atmosphere main constituents were italian opera complete freedom thought attitude conventional ever since that missionary striving understand superstitions natives order make himself intelligible 26th july 1856 said three fathers  legal father many years alcoholic mother's mothers close male friend vandeleur brother walter gurly ship's ships doctor shaw's shaws independence mind encouraged uncle left ireland with mother 1881 living central where contracted smallpox rebuild strength went stay holly lodge grange park road corner church wife servant \",\" young redhead quiet time leyton this stage life shaw wanted novelist just started writing ‘love among artists' artists which high hopes shaw's shaws first known love affair with alice lockett uncle walter's walters house necessarily whilst quite possibly also says that only paid employment period lasted when earned pounds counting votes election 1881 description like other aspects reminiscences misleading soon however east london spread swallowed country houses patients were demolished replaced rows little brick boxes inhabited clerks tall hats supporting families fifteen shillings week walter gurly's gurlys fitted doctor's doctors status part 1860s development filled grounds grange mansion included some small terraced where ornamental lake been pace building residential streets rapid escape anyone's anyones notice area promised many most would have frightened bills before came june become vegetarian insisted eating meat able back meatless diet after left september early october uncle gurly lived holly lodge until 1891 moved 200 high road initially fairmont villas this then near railway station liverpool street modern eyes least attractive died 30th august 1899 diabetes ‘manic convulsions' convulsions \",\" bronze continued possible that alignment later roads parish boundaries field edges between walthamstow side leyton fillebrook stream reflected system laid co-axial systems covering large area sections this website roman medieval your landscape detective investigating where richard muir \",\" poppleton road leytonstone party photo supplied worf road was first occupied some time around 1894 1896  	it developed part walwood park building estate partnership which included dickson hyde gate south \",\" rhodesia road photos party residents parts grove green norlington roads courtesy worf road was first occupied some time around 1901 1905 near pretoria kimberley suggesting developers were enthusiastic about britain consolidating domination southern africa \",\" anglo-saxon period thrale peter moore ‘report archaeological excavations thorne close avenue estate leytonstone' leytonstone scandinavian invaders vikings invaded england danes norsemen have only recorded connection with leyton name ‘swein' ‘swein domesday book owned land ceased 1086 stayed waltham abbey must come river past traditionally water channels through marshes were altered saxon king alfred defeat border between alfred's alfreds kingdom wessex danelaw putting latter this made area no-man's no-mans insecure many people choose home cnut ruled denmark norway united where strengthened taxation system evidence been found this living around what knotts green digging ditches high road francis pryor ‘britain middle ages history' history harold's harolds reign harold divided into manors ‘hides' ‘hides size himself over held alfsi another hides swein swart addition tosti hide from abbot westminster free-men them \",\" photos classes 1955 1958 from lakeman fifth those been selected plus' plus examinations grammar school below mayville back schools index \",\" street parties ashville road celebrating second world groups front number soon home lakeman provided photos leytonstone road was built part grove green lane estate which streets names connected with trees first occupied around 1882 1883 \",\" leyton county high school girls colworth road pupils above taken 1960 grounds right coming down steps front 1963 photos provided lakeman back schools index \");");
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The site was last updated on 6th September 2010 the history of Leyton and Leytonstone from . dot to … dots  –  with plenty of spaces the bottom\",\"Contacting Leyton & Leytonstone Historical Society   We  encourage all comments, queries, suggestions and complaints about this website, which is put together by David Boote, Co-ordinator of the Resea\",\"High Road, Leyton near the Bakers’ Arms Kingston Road High Road, Leyton Midland Station to Leyton Green Whipps Cross Road Queens Road Staffa Road Industrial Estate Memories filed by street Holloway Ro\",\"Memories filed by ‘Subject’ Commuting after the War Wanstead Park \",\"Memories filed by Person A woman Leyton Councillor \",\"Fetter Lane Congregational Church  Churches \",\"about this site This website provides an opportunity to share memories of Leyton and Leytonstone : old photos, written recollections, surviving scraps of paper, objects.  It is a project of Leyton & L\",\"Schools Mayville Farmer Road / George Mitchell Leyton County High School for Girls, Colworth Road \",\"Institutional Homes Hutchison Home for Children \",\"High Road, Leyton near the Bakers’ Arms The ‘British Restaurants’ - David Ian Chapman tells us about the local ones Few readers will remember food rationing during the war years.  But you could supple\",\"Street party in 1953 to celebrate the Coronation of Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II Photo supplied by Charlie Middleton More about Kingston Road Kingston Road Leytonstone \",\"Kay  Pack writes about the wartime  High Road, Leyton Midland Station to Leyton Green The wireless sprang into life at the turn of a knob. A nation held their breath in anticipation of the announcemen\",\"From Mervyn Carroll :  My landlord told me that the part of Epping Forest between our home [Whipps Cross Road], and the Hollybush Hill and Snaresbrook Road was the site of an Italian Prisoner of War C\",\"John Harris writes in response to Keith Tjaden. I am 60 now and was brought up in Queens Road Leytonstone.  Keith Tjaden sparked a few memories for me.  For a short time I was a paper boy for Alice (t\",\"My mum worked at Cossor during the war as part of the war effort.  She made racks for RADAR sets.  As I understand it they were situated on the Argall Estate, then in Walthamstow.  Would tell you more\",\"Gloria Brockwell (nee Thorne) : my heart is still very much in my roots in Leytonstone although I havent been back for a while and understand that it has changed quite a bit from the area I knew.  I \",\"Denmark Street Denmark Street  was first occupied some time in 1870 or 1871.  It was demolished in 1966 in the construction of the Cathall Council housing estate. Coronation Street Party in Denmark St\",\"Wood Street VE Party in Wood Street 1945  Photo provided by Gloria Brockwell Wood Street ran between Leytonstone High Road and Holloway Road.  It was first occupied some time between 1861 and 1870.  I\",\"6.30 a.m. It snowed again in the night! Ah,well, downstairs for a good cuppa from the teapot on the range, a bowl of steaming hot porridge, a rasher with one egg and fried bread, then it’s wellingtons\",\"Memories of Wanstead Park from Jo-Ann Buck Wanstead Park In the 1930s my family (father, mother, elder brother Ernie and me) lived in Scotts Road, Leyton, next door to my fathers parents. On many a s\",\"I was elected to Leyton Borough Council for Harrow Green Ward in 1953 and represented it until amalgamation of the Boroughs in 1965 when I was Leyton’s last Deputy Mayor.  As a single woman I found no\",\"Fetter Lane Congregational Church : photos from May 1957 supplied by Mrs R A Ranford, wife of the Minister at that time Fetter Lane Congregational Church  Back to the main list of Contents in the ‘Bot\",\"Mayville School teachers of the boys photographed on the top floor including Miss Catchpole, and perhaps the headmaster.  Photo provided by Jack Brown, pupil in the 1920s and son of the caretaker. \",\"Hutchison Home for Children Unlabelled photo by unknown photographer rescued by Sheila Bird from the refitting of the Lord Nelson pub in Newark, Nottinghamshire. Back to the main list of Contents in t\",\"High Road, Leyton near the Bakers’ Arms The restaurants were opened between 08.00 - 16.00 and were staffed by salaried workers and supported by volunteers. Specimen menus consisted of: Savoury Mince P\",\"Kingston Road Leytonstone Charlie Middleton lived in Kingston Road off Crownfield Road from 1931 to 1957, and in Acacia Road near Harrow Green to 1965.  He worked out of the great Stratford railway de\",\"High Road, Leyton Midland Station to Leyton Green In order to protect against gas attacks, both adults and children were issued with gas-masks in little square boxes. Kathleens was in the shape of Mi\",\"My working life was also both in Leyton and Leytonstone. My first job at 15 years was with Refrigeration Spares at Harrow Green, then on to Arcola Meteor Shoes in Leyton High Road, and my favourite jo\",\"Commuting after the War Quick dash down to the Central Line, coppers into the ticket machine, cram into the first train leaving from platform 1 or 2, hold fast to a strap hanger to avoid being jostled\",\"Mayville School Mayville Road Schools exterior commercial photo  \",\"High Road, Leyton Midland Station to Leyton Green The farm where they stayed was basic. The farmer was a mean man and they were only allowed to bath once a week. This they did in front of the kitchen \",\"Mayville School Mayville Road School class with Jack Brown in front on left on chair Photo provided by Jack Brown \",\"Mayville Road School class 1923 photo provided by Jack Brown Mayville School \",\"Mayville School Empire Day 1923 Mayville Road School with perhaps Fred Dennire Raymond Golding and Jack Brown photo provided by Jack Brown \",\"Mayville School \",\"Bonfire in Cheneys Road on Armistice Day 11th November 1918 Photo supplied by Cann Hall Baptist Church More about the Cheneys Road area Cheneys Road Leytonstone Cheneys Road was first occupied some ti\",\"Photo from a Cheneys Road resident of a street party, probably celebrating the end of the Firet World War.  At the top left is a sign, looking like a brewery advert on top of a pub (but we know of non\",\"Farmer Road School (later renamed George Mitchell School) Notes of a talk by Martin Spafford at George Mitchell School to Leyton & Leytonstone Historical Society on 11th June 2008 See the website of G\",\"Farmer Road School (later renamed George Mitchell School) During World War 1 installation of phones at Leyton schools was judged too expensive.  Warning of air raids was given by boy scouts, at the Ch\",\"Farmer Road School (later renamed George Mitchell School) Notes of a talk by Martin Spafford at George Mitchell School to Leyton & Leytonstone Historical Society on 11th June 2008 In October 1940 a st\",\"Streets Topics reminiscences Churches Schools Institutional Homes The contents of our section on Leyton and Leytonstone within living memory . > ... History of Leyton Shopping streets \",\"the Anglo-Saxon period  1 Domesday Quest by Michael Wood The Anglo-Saxons are a mystery.  They have provided England with most of its place-names and most of the common words in the English language, \",\"the Anglo-Saxon period  3 Francis Pryor ‘Britain in the Middle Ages, An Archaeological History’ 4 ‘The History of the Countryside’ by Oliver Rackham 5 for an illustration go to http://commons.wikimedi\",\"the Anglo-Saxon period  These sections are currently available : the later Victorian and Edwardian times 1890 to 1919 between the World Wars 1919 – 1939 The Second World War 1945 to 1965 1965 to 1979 \",\"The urban landscape Social classes Open spaces : Lammas Lands parks Air quality Transport Population Ethnic mix Community feeling The poor Health Water supply Religion; nonconformity Radicalism Educat\",\"Leyton was a landscape of high brick walls : around the mansions, the cricket ground, the Workhouse, and Bethnal Green Boys’ Home. There was a uniformity of street housing, usually described as ‘drear\",\"the Anglo-Saxon period  6  ‘Be Your Own Landscape Detective, Investigating Where You Are’ by Richard Muir 7  ‘The Origins of the British, the new prehistory of Britain and Ireland from Ice-Age hunter \",\"the Anglo-Saxon period  8  Wikipedia 9  Francis Pryor ‘Britain in the Middle Ages, An Archaeological History’ 10  Stephen Pewsey and Andrew Brooks ‘East Saxon Heritage : an Essex gazetteer’ In 793 Kin\",\"the Anglo-Saxon period  11   ‘East Saxon Heritage : an Essex gazetteer’ by Stephen Pewsey and Andrew Brooks 12  ‘Domesday Quest’ by Michael Wood 13  ODA Environmental Assessment Annexures 2012 Olympic\",\"About footnotes in . > ... References to sources are given not as the most authoritative, but the one from which a statement has been taken and against which a different statement may be measured.  Th\",\"contents page . >> ... explained  About copying parts of this website The compiler of this outline history of Leyton and Leytonstone, David Boote, encourages everyone to send him comments, queries, su\",\". > … is an outline history of Leyton written by me, David Boote.  I hope those who read it disagree with it.  Definitive history this is not.  There are more questions than answers.  There are huge g\",\"VHM is the abbreviation used in this website for the London Borough of Waltham Forest’s Local Studies Library and Archive located at the Vestry House Museum, Walthamstow, London E17.  The Council’s we\",\"people coming and going A higher proportion of Leyton residents had moved into the area than almost anywhere else, though this was true also of its neighbours West and East Ham, Walthamstow and Edmont\",\"the later Victorian and Edwardian times 1890 to 1919  Social classes In 1901 Walthamstow, Forest Gate, Clapham, Peckham and Kilburn were named as places in which many clerks lived 4, but they were at \",\"the later Victorian and Edwardian times 1890 to 1919  Social classes 2 A working-class community was created at the St James Street end of Walthamstow, using cheap trains to Liverpool Street Station. \",\"the later Victorian and Edwardian times 1890 to 1919  The First World War On the night of 31st May to 1st June 1915, with a full moon, a German airship dropped grenades on Florence Street, Park Grove \",\"the later Victorian and Edwardian times 1890 to 1919  The First World War (continued) 2 incendiary bombs fell in Grosvenor Road.  1 HE bomb fell on Claude Road, wrecking a house and breaking glass in \",\"the later Victorian and Edwardian times 1890 to 1919  A new landscape was created that was secular and therefore non-denominational.   Local government wanted its presence noticed, though Leyton’s mul\",\"Open spaces : the Lammas Lands On 1st August 1892 Leyton people led by C G Musgrave, H Humphreys and E C Pittam exercised their rights as ‘commoners’ to enter the Lea valley marsh meadows at the end o\",\"Leyton’s first public park was the James Lane Recreation Ground (now called Abbotts Park, and pictured above).  A section at the Leigh Road end was donated by the property developer Abbott family 1.  \",\"air quality Use of coal and coke for heating, cooking and industrial processes was ubiquitous.  Refuse collected by the Council included rakings from coal fires which still contained combustible mater\",\"A temporary ‘Fever Hospital’ was opened in 1891 near the Council Sewage Works at Auckland Road.  The Medical Officer of Health claimed that this position provided fresh air as well as keeping people a\",\"Health (continued) 6  Britain 1895-1918 by Michael Byrne the later Victorian and Edwardian times 1890 to 1919  The National Insurance Act of 1911 provided poorer workers, but not their families, with \",\"the later Victorian and Edwardian times 1890 to 1919  The water supply In July 1896 dry weather forced the water company to cut off supply for all but 6 hours in a day, and it later had to cut back su\",\"the later Victorian and Edwardian times 1890 to 1919  The Leyton Ratepayers’ Association The first generations to move into Leyton as a new area of mass housing had a strong interest in the installati\",\"the later Victorian and Edwardian times 1890 to 1919  Leyton as a community Around Britain, including south Wales and central Scotland, people had moved to work in coalmines, heavy industry, ports and\",\"the later Victorian and Edwardian times 1890 to 1919  Protestant worship other than the Church of England Leyton and Walthamstow were covered by a network of Nonconformist chapels, some of which rival\",\"the later Victorian and Edwardian times 1890 to 1919  Radical politics The working-class community was created at the St James Street end of Walthamstow, using cheap trains to Liverpool Street Station\",\"the later Victorian and Edwardian times 1890 to 1919  Ethnic mix Between 1904 and 1914 the Jewish population of the East End fell from 125,000 to 100,000 as arrivals from Poland and elsewhere sought l\",\"The role of religion in education was controversial for a long time.  The ‘National Schools’ had been founded before state-funded education.  They tried to keep their independence and their close asso\",\"the later Victorian and Edwardian times 1890 to 1919  Libraries A campaign was started for a free public library in Leyton, which Harrow Green head teacher Alfred Phillip Wire was writing to the newsp\",\"the later Victorian and Edwardian times 1890 to 1919  Famous people who came from our area Leytonstone Every area must have its sons and daughters who have gained fame.  Leytonstone between 1890 and t\",\"the later Victorian and Edwardian times 1890 to 1919  Famous people who came from our area The journalist Charles Eade was born on 10th June 1903, at 100 Grove Green Road (photo above left), the son o\",\"the later Victorian and Edwardian times 1890 to 1919  Famous people who came from our area The sculptor Henry C Fehr lived and worked at the Shrublands adjoining Royal Lodge on Leytonstone High Road f\",\"The cricketer Kenneth Farnes was born on 8 July 1911 at 141 Wallwood Road (rebuilt since), the son of a brewer’s clerk.  He was educated at Royal Liberty School, Romford and at Pembroke College, Cambr\",\"the later Victorian and Edwardian times 1890 to 1919  Famous people who came from our area Leyton Harry Beck, creator of the London Underground schematic map was born on 4th June 1902 at 14 Wesley Roa\",\"the later Victorian and Edwardian times 1890 to 1919  Famous people who came from our area >> The cinema architect George Coles attended Newport Road School and Leyton Technical Institute.  His mother\",\"the later Victorian and Edwardian times 1890 to 1919  Famous people who came from our area >> >> Lady Zoe Dyke was born on 6 February 1896 at 9 Manor Road Leyton (photo above left), the daughter of Ba\",\"the later Victorian and Edwardian times 1890 to 1919  Famous people who came from our area Roy(den) Ullyett, caricaturist of stage and sporting personalities, born in 1914 at 37 Lyndhurst Drive, son o\",\"the later Victorian and Edwardian times 1890 to 1919  Famous people who came from our area George Lewis French Bolton (1900–1982), born in Hackney the son of a shipping clerk, was educated at Leyton C\",\"the later Victorian and Edwardian times 1890 to 1919  Famous people who came from our area In Walthamstow, a few yards from the Leyton boundary, James Hilton grew up at 16 College Road (rebuilt after \",\"the later Victorian and Edwardian times 1890 to 1919  Famous people who came from our area Reginald Horace Blyth, surely one of the most remarkable and independent-minded people to come from the area,\",\"Education (continued) the later Victorian and Edwardian times 1890 to 1919  4  Andrew Saint in the Victorian Society’s magazine of March 2007; ‘‘Education, education, education’: researching the 1902 \",\"transport A new railway line was opened in July 1894 connecting at Tottenham with the London Midland Railway’s network and at East Ham with the London to Tilbury line.  Coming after Leyton and Waltham\",\"Transport (continued) the later Victorian and Edwardian times 1890 to 1919  4  Leytonstone: The Story of a Suburban Station, by Ian Strugnell in The London Railway Record, July 2006 From May 1911 the \",\"the later Victorian and Edwardian times 1890 to 1919  business In 1908 Caribonum Ltd, a carbon paper manufacturer, set up new premises off Church Road, Leyton.  It had to improve its product to equal \",\"the later Victorian and Edwardian times 1890 to 1919  alcohol consumption and pubs Pubs were often the dominant buildings visually, their only rivals being churches, chapels, cinemas and banks.  Large\",\"the later Victorian and Edwardian times 1890 to 1919  alcohol consumption and pubs (continued) 1  The Life Story of T J Hunt, An Autobiography, 3rd edition 1937, VHM shelf item L96   The temperance mo\",\"the later Victorian and Edwardian times 1890 to 1919  alcohol consumption and pubs (continued) 2  ‘The Leyton and Leytonstone Ratepayers Association, Its Origin and History : being a Record of Munici\",\"the later Victorian and Edwardian times 1890 to 1919  The poor David Lloyd George as Chancellor of the Exchequer and Herbert Asquith as Prime Minister of a Liberal government introduced the Pensions A\",\"The population The 1921 Census calculated that, whilst Leyton’s population was greater than in 1911, this came from the number of babies born, and that well over 11,000 more people moved away from Ley\",\"The urban landscape Social classes Open spaces : Lammas Lands parks Transport Population Ethnic mix Community feeling The poor Health Water supply Religion; nonconformity Radicalism Education Librarie\",\"The population (continued) The local authority area of Leyton had its main centre on the section of Leyton High Road that had the Town Hall, the Library, the Technical Institute and Coronation Gardens\",\"Housing 1  ‘Jenny Hammond - the life of a Labour councillor’, a WFOHW publication  “... in those days, there was no such things as flats – they were always known as half houses, practically every hous\",\"The urban landscape \",\"Ethnic mix More Jewish people moved to Leyton, as they did to neighbouring West Ham and Ilford 1.  Those interviewed in an oral history project about the ‘Lea Bridge Gateway’ made a point of saying if\",\"Education The County High Schools charged fees.  Leyton County High School for Boys was relocated to a new building in Essex Road in 1929.   Forest School just over the border in Walthamstow was a one\",\"Libraries In 1935 Leytonstone got a new library in Church Lane as part of a development on the corner of the High Road which included electricity showrooms.  This replaced the library in Park House by\",\"Famous people who came from our area The biologist Ray(mond) Beverton was born in 29 August 1922 at 5 Forest Glade, Leytonstone (photo above left), the son of a commercial artist.  He was a pupil at F\",\"Famous people who came from our area The photographer David Bailey, one of the icons of the Sixties London Scene, was born on 2nd January 1938 at Whipps Cross Hospital, the son of a tailor’s cutter, a\",\"Famous people who came from our area Leading banker Sir Philip Wilkinson was born into a devout Baptist family at Leyton on 8th May 1927 and attended Leyton County High School.  His ancestors included\",\"Famous people who came from our area Leyton Crime novelist Ruth Rendell was born on 17th February 1930 in Leyton as Ruth Barbara Grasemann.  Her father had done labouring work in Plymouth dockyard but\",\"Another pupil at Leyton County High School was the opera bass-baritone singer Eric Shilling, born in Leytonstone in 1920 (died 2006).  The university nuclear physicist Philip Moon 1907–1994 attended L\",\"The Leyton Ratepayers’ Association The Leyton Ratepayers’ Association’ was the strongest force in Leyton local politics for most of the period between the Wars, opposing new financial commitments for \",\"The role of women Though women took over some men’s civilian jobs whilst they fought in the First World War, generally it was accepted that the role of a married woman was domestic, whether or not she\",\"The role of women In 1905 the Leyton Ratepayers’ Association supported the unopposed candidacy of a Miss Skelton as a member of the West Ham Board of Guardians for the Forest Ward.  She was one of the\",\"Wealthier people could afford private cars.  Ordinary people used trams and buses.   In 1921 the London County Council took over operation of Leytons tram routes and carried out extensive track relay\",\"Transport (continued) On 1st July 1933 the London Passenger Transport Board took over the tram operations of Leyton, Walthamstow, West Ham Councils, the LCC and the Metropolitan Electric Tramways Comp\",\"Employment The Great Depression, the ‘Slump’ is notorious, but Leyton escaped the worst of it.  Between 1929 and 1932 Britain’s gross domestic product fell by 5.8%.  Industrial production by 11.4%, co\",\"Employment (continued) There was an economic recovery in the later 1930s, though not in heavy industry.  Middle class people had a better experience than working class.  >>   In 1921 about 800 men wer\",\"Employment The Caribonum factory of 1918 (now demolished) was an early commission for Wallis Gilbert and Partners.  Thomas Wallis’s enthusiasm for Egyptian styling (his first proposals for Caribonum h\",\"Leisure Between the World Wars new, grand cinemas were built : the Rialto in 1927 behind Bearmans’ department store in Leytonstone, the Savoy of 1929 at the junction of Church Road and Lea Bridge Road\",\"The poor The New London Survey 1929-30 reported that the proportion of Leyton people it regarded as in poverty, 6.9%, was greater than in Stoke Newington (5.4%) and Lewisham (4.8%) but lower than the \",\"Politics The first MPs for Leyton, elected in 1918, were Lt Col C L Malone, Coalition Liberal in the Leyton East constituency, and Lt Col Harry Wrightson, Conservative Unionist, for Leyton West.  Malo\",\"Nationally between the Wars there was a very wide political spectrum (though the 1930s have been seen as a period of broad consensus and shared culture 3).   Oswald Mosley’s British Union of Fascists \",\"The Second World War Of outer east London Second World War bombs and rockets killed more people in Leyton than any area other than Ilford, and total casualties were higher than Ilford and Walthamstow \",\"The Second World War (continued) He judged well at 3am on 16th October 1940 : one of the devastating parachute explosive devices put 2 out of the 8 acres of factory out of action, but the workers were\",\"Housing To cope with the urgent shortage of housing after the air raids of the Second World War, the government co-ordinated construction and installation of ‘prefabs’ (bungalows assembled on site fro\",\"The urban landscape Social classes Open spaces : Lammas Lands parks Population Ethnic mix Community feeling The poor Health Water supply Religion; nonconformity Radicalism Libraries Business Alcohol c\",\"the later Victorian and Edwardian times 1890 to 1919  The First World War (continued) 10  WFOHW interview 124 Bakers of German origin had their shops attacked in Leyton and Leytonstone as they did els\",\"The Second World War (continued) Stoll’s the German bakers opposite Harrow Green was damaged in the Second World War, as it had been in the First.  The German butcher’s, Geller’s, at the Thatched Hous\",\"Leisure  \",\"Housing (continued) Even a new house on Belvedere Road in 1928 had only one electric point (in the main room), and a copper and butler’s sink in the small kitchen 6. 6  WFOHW  interview reference numb\",\"Air quality As well as the smell of the gas works (which many people who had lived near the Lea Bridge Gasworks remembered) Perth Road received smells from the ‘Lewco’ wire works, scent manufacturers \",\"Harvey Road Leytonstone The ‘Rocket Alley Tea Party’ held in Harvey Road.  On 27th October 1944 three people were killed at widely spaced addresses in the street, and another three in Mornington Road \",\"2  ‘Yesterday and Today and Tomorrow, Housing in Leyton’ published by the Council Have your say In 1919 Parliament created a scheme under which local authorities could build affordable housing.  Acros\",\"Housing the later Victorian and Edwardian times 1890 to 1919  The streets continued to spread across Leyton : marks a railway station \",\"Air quality London suffered its worst ‘smog’ (thick fog made yellow and choking with coalfire smoke and other pollution) from 4th to 9th December 1952.  “We used to have terrible fogs.  Thick fogs.  I\",\"Politics Around the world those with power were conciliatory and wished to reduce harmful social and political divisions.  Clement Attlee as Prime Minister between 1945 and 1951 tried hard to provide \",\"Education State education was reorganised.  Nationally the divide deepened between the lower middle class of clerks, shop-owners and so on, hoping to get their children through the ’11 Plus’ examinati\",\"Famous people who came from our area Shirley Stringer, born 1932, grew up in a Warner maisonette near the Lea Bridge Gas Works (photo above left).  Her father worked at Shoreditch in the same hardware\",\"Famous people who came from our area Leyton The painter Peter Coker, born 27th July 1926, whose father was a gold polisher and later manager of a confectionery warehouse, grew up at 1 Moyers Road, Ley\",\"Famous people who came from our area Former pupils of Leyton County School for Boys include Michael McStay, born 1933, an actor in TV parts from 1960, the classical pianist John Lill, born 17th March \",\"The role of women One local woman, who had worked at the London Electrical Wire Company in the First World War, returned to work there during World War Two, but when the men returned they took back th\",\"Transport The London and North Eastern Railway company operating the line from Liverpool Street was nationalised and became part of the British Railways Board’s responsibilities, but the project comme\",\"Employment 1  Leyton Juvenile Employment Committee statistics for the 13 weeks ended 29th December 1947 at VHM L59.9 M2 In 1947 the largest categories of jobs found by the Council for girl school-leav\",\"Leisure The area provided a good social life for some at least, as is indicated by the number of people who have moved away to more affluent and scenically attractive areas but look back fondly to the\",\"The urban landscape Social classes Open spaces Transport Population Ethnic mix Community life The poor Air quality Health Water supply Religion Radicalism Education Libraries Business Alcohol consumpt\",\"Housing 1  Leytonstone Express & Independent of 19th September 1969 The 1960s tower blocks were a terrible mistake and many have now been demolished.  The Cathall and Oliver Close estates have been re\",\"The urban landscape A move in the opposite direction to the construction of tower blocks, though mainly benefiting middle and upper class areas, was made by Conservative MP and former minister Duncan \",\"The population Once the post-war economy began to improve, Leytonstone and Leyton became less attractive as a place to live for those with a little money.  From the 1970s onwards most largest houses w\",\"The elegant house of Leyton Grange clicking on this arrow ‘turns the page’ as if you were reading a book Site home page \",\"David Chapman has given us the story of the house, ‘Leyton Grange’, which David Gansel, born 1690 or 1689, designed for himself 1.  Ownership of the manor of Leyton Grange was split three ways in 1650\",\"This article provides a little context.  As designed Leyton Grange was impressive but provided limited accommodation for a rich family : 5 rooms and an entrance hall on the ground floor, and 8 rooms o\",\"Gansel’s Leyton Grange can be compared with Chiswick House which was also designed by its owner.  Unlike the Grange, Chiswick House has survived and is in the care of English Heritage (my photo below)\",\"Colen Campbell was the architect of the huge Wanstead House (drawing below), which was completed in the same year, 1720, as Leyton Grange 4 , in the adjacent parish, for Richard Child, Viscount Castle\",\"Burlington was a Whig supporter of the government of Robert Walpole under the Hanoverian King George I Until 1733, and Richard Child, previously a Tory, decided to give King George his unequivocal sup\",\"The central ‘Tribune’ has high half-circle windows (around the dome seen in the photo above), used later by Sir John Soane, a free-thinker with Masonic connections, to admit light but maintain privacy\",\"Burlington and Kent were innovators in garden design.  They used statues and other features to proclaim a cultural and political manifesto. Avenues of trees stretching into the distance had been the m\",\"An engraving of the grounds of Leyton Grange shows a Baroque style : open-ended avenues of trees on a very formal pattern, geometrically shaped planted beds, and (towards the top of the engraving) a s\",\"In the distance of the photo on the previous page of Stowe Landscape Gardens is a grotto, a feature also created in the grounds of Wanstead House (see photo below of the remains). The elegant house of\",\"Above is a view of an avenue stretching away from Hampton Court Palace, a reflection of the planting made in the reign of William and Mary at the end of the 17th century. A map made by John Roque 1741\",\"COPYING THIS ARTICLE : This article is based on the work of others.  To the limited extent that it is original work, it has been written by David Boote who took the photos.  It may be made available t\",\"Hi-tech History The need I took early retirement and decided to devote some of my new free time to our local history.  On my first visit to the Local Studies Room at Vestry House Museum I wore down th\",\"Hi-tech History Child’ project to produce machines so cheap they could be supplied to children in poor countries for US $ 100 each.  This was seen by the largest technology companies in the world as a\",\"editions of Melvyn Bragg’s excellent ‘In Our Time’ BBC Radio 4 intellectual discussion programme can be retrieved as computer audio files and played at any time.  The BBC has other ‘podcasts’, and als\",\"Famous people who came from our area Martha (Maureen) Ross, actress, raised a family in Leytonstone of whom Jonathan Ross (born 1960) has become world-famous and Paul Ross a well-known radio and telev\",\"Famous people who came from our area (continued) Damon Albarn, pop musician (Blur, Gorillasz), born 1968, lived for 10 years in Fillebrook Road, Leytonstone 1 (photo right) until his family moved to C\",\"Open Spaces The Lee Valley Regional Park Authority was created in 1967, funded partly by the local authorities including Waltham Forest along the Park from the River Thames to Ware in Hertfordshire.  \",\"Lost heritage In 1964 Forest House, dating back to the 17th century, was demolished. The Caribonum factory, the 2nd major commission for Wallis Gilbert and Partners, with Egyptian styling, was demolis\",\"Air quality The Clean Air Act made smokeless fuel compulsory, but the real improvement to air quality came from replacement of coal fires, previously almost universal, with gas-fired central heating. \",\"Local government London local government was reorganised.  It had spread further from the centre than the area of the London County Council.  Within this wider built-up area existing boroughs and urba\",\"Politics The March 1966 election gave the Leyton House of Commons seat to Patrick Gordon Walker who had famously been defeated in a 1964 by-election.   When many people left areas like Leyton and were\",\"Leyton came to have a high number of people of Moslem belief.  Places for Islamic worship and education were established.  Those from a Christian background in the Caribbean and Africa formed churches\",\"The first restaurants offering the exotic cooking of China and the Indian subcontinent arrived around 1964.  H Weng opened about this time at 554 Leytonstone High Road.  Between 1966 and 1969 Koh Seng\",\"Transport Widespread ownership of a car made a new lifestyle possible, in which ‘middling’ people lived almost exclusively in their own home, their workplace, supermarkets and in their car moving betw\",\"Employment 1  Jerry White in ‘London in the Twentieth Century: A City and Its People’ Leyton was close to a belt of industrial concerns along the Lea Valley which were unable to survive in the new glo\",\"Employment continued Vacancies were mainly in the public sector, with the National Health Service and Waltham Forest Borough Council as the largest employers.  >>   These changes, disasters for many w\",\"Local Centres Much of continental western Europe had a pattern of sizeable towns which could offer most services including administration.  The geography of England adapted less happily to higher pers\",\"Retail The Bearmans department store on Leytonstone High Road closed in 1982 1.  The incompetent (at that time) Co-operative store group had taken over from the original family some years earlier. Ley\",\"Community life Widespread car ownership made it easier to belong to a leisure interest or spiritual community supported only by enough people to form a national body.  An increase in the number of tel\",\"Alcohol consumption and pubs  Internal walls were removed from increasing numbers of pubs, ending the class division between public, saloon and lounge bars.  In other ways the 1970s were a sad period \",\"Look at a map of Leyton and you will see that either side of Lea Bridge Road the streets face in the same direction.  A common sense layout, but there is more to it than that.  Boundary Road gets its \",\"Capworth Street is at the southerly edge of a strip of land about 100 yards across, running from the River Lea to the edge of Wanstead parish at the Eagle Pond that was the ‘Walthamstow Slip’, belongi\",\"Should we celebrate the solstice on Capworth Street ? By David Boote   The Leyton ‘Tithe Map’, prepared in 1843 before most houses in our area had been built over, shows that the field edges were alig\",\"Should we celebrate the solstice on Capworth Street ? By David Boote   The ‘Walthamstow Slip’ was an unusual feature and may be the key to the mystery.  This was a strip of land, running from the Rive\",\"Should we celebrate the solstice on Capworth Street ? By David Boote   Marsh grazing for livestock was often divided between a number of parishes.  Along our part of the Lea the manors within the pari\",\"Should we celebrate the solstice on Capworth Street ? By David Boote   Francis Pryor also believes that the Flag Fen causeway and droveways could have been used as boundaries between landholdings.  Lo\",\"Should we celebrate the solstice on Capworth Street ? By David Boote   Another ancient route runs from what was Low Hall Manor, Walthamstow to Lea Bridge, and is still followed by the ‘Black Path’ cyc\",\"Should we celebrate the solstice on Capworth Street ? By David Boote   We have a range of possible origins for the Leyton alignment in that the summer sun rises in the northeast and at winter the sun \",\"Social classes The poor Health Water supply Religion Radicalism Education Libraries Business Contents of this section clicking on this arrow ‘turns the page’ as if you were reading a book . > ...  con\",\"Housing Increasing economic prosperity, and isolation of those who sought a socialist revolution, permitted partial rebuilding of the tower blocks and other Council housing which had proved a terrible\",\"Health 1997 onwards Government tells the public that it eats unhealthily, drinks too much alcohol, takes too little exercise, should abandon nicotine smoking, has long made other narcotic drugs illega\",\"Politics 1979-97  \",\"Ethnic mix 1997 onwards Waltham Forest can attract couples with forebears in different continents.  To take an example from the well-known, actress Natasha Little (TV parts from 1996), married to acto\",\"Transport A faster road linking Stratford with the M11 and M25 motorways and the A12 Eastern Avenue was planned from before the Second World War.  It became a priority for central government.  A publi\",\"Employment continued 1  Jerry White in ‘London in the Twentieth Century: A City and Its People’ 1979-97  1994 was the worst year for unemployment in London, the area with the highest unemployment rate\",\"Waltham Forest has fewer businesses and jobs in the private sector than any other Outer London borough and has the lowest commercial tax base in the capital 3.  It has the lowest commercial tax base i\",\"Community life 1997 onwards The low sense of community in the area is often attributed to its ethnic diversity.  I believe this is an excuse given by those who choose to make little contribution to Le\",\"Cultural life Leytonstone has attracted young artists looking for low cost housing, and this was particularly available in the later 1980s and early 1990s 1 before construction of a dual carriageway l\",\"Famous people with quite recent connections to our area Artists Cornelia Parker and Graeme Miller 1979-97  \",\"Religion People from Pakistan and other Islamic regions had established mosques, religious education and social organisations. Waltham Forest Council’s website reports that the recorded white populati\",\"1  Data taken from an Office for National Statistics website  using the ONS’s ‘Super Output Area’ neighbourhood boundaries to recreate approximately the area covered by the former Borough of Leyton. S\",\"The poor This was the period in which the ‘welfare state’ arrived, with the government providing health care free of charge. \",\"Leisure (continued)  Entertainment within the home became possible with the radio, which most British households possessed by 1939, and substantial sales of gramophone records. 5 Travel became easier \",\"Radicalism Leyton did not have many factories where trade unionism and segregation of manual workers from office staff and managers emphasised class divisions.  There was the big railway works at Stra\",\"The poor (continued)  Half the population at the outbreak of the Second World War was covered by national health insurance 4. 4  ‘The Good War: 1939-1945’ by Steven Fielding in ‘From Blitz to Blair, A\",\"The Role of Women From 1968 unmarried women could buy contraceptive pills legally.  For some years afterwards fewer babies were born to unmarried mothers.  Adoption of babies and children by substitut\",\"The London docks, a huge enterprise hidden by walls as high as a double-decker bus, collapsed in a remarkably short time in the late 1960s.  The competitive success of freight containers, packed in th\",\"Social classes The poor Health Water supply Religion Radicalism Education Libraries Business Contents of this section clicking on this arrow ‘turns the page’ as if you were reading a book Leisure The \",\"Politics A long period of prosperity has made most people sufficiently content with government and politics to leave them to a small number who choose these areas for a career.  Conflict is now more b\",\"The Leyton of 2001 was still home to a significant number of middle class people : 43% had managerial, professional or technical jobs 1. 1  Data taken from an Office for National Statistics website  u\",\"Famous people with quite recent connections to our area Actress Natasha Little 1997 onwards Comedy actress and writer Meera Syal MBE used to live in Leytonstone facing a part of Epping Forest, Forest \",\"1979-97  Employment 1  Miracle of Mirage? The Thatcher Years 1979-1997 by Paul Hirst in ‘From Blitz to Blair, A New History of Britain Since 1939’ edited by Nick Tiratsoo The first years of the Conser\",\"The population 1997 onwards Waltham Forest’s age profile is very similar to the London average. Over the last ten years, the population has grown slowly but steadily, the most significant growth being\",\"Should we celebrate the solstice on Capworth Street ? By David Boote   The ‘crop marks’ seen in aerial photographs have helped identify quite a few examples of a New Stone Age feature, pairs of ditche\",\" The Silk Road to Leytonstone  By David Boote  There is a connection between Leytonstone and a city in the Middle East which is one of the oldest in the world and has for centuries been an exotic mix \",\" The Silk Road to Leytonstone  By David Boote  The foreign merchants at Halab were almost all French or English.  They were separate self-regulating communities.  Their governments made agreements wit\",\" The Silk Road to Leytonstone  By David Boote  The merchants were isolated, living apart, not having family with them, and were reliant on locals for communication in Arabic.  Italian Jewish merchants\",\" The Silk Road to Leytonstone  By David Boote  In Charles II’s reign Forest House had been remodelled (or rebuilt as the diarist John Evelyn implied in his entry for 16th March 1683) by James Houblon.\",\" The Silk Road to Leytonstone  By David Boote  The Levant Company was first granted a royal charter in 1581 and held a government-enforced monopoly in the cloth trade with the Ottoman Empire.  Its mai\",\" The Silk Road to Leytonstone  By David Boote  In 1753 it was made much easier to become a member of the Levant Company and its management harder for a few to control.  The Bosanquet family continued \",\"Leytonstone High Road (Green Man end) Shopping streets \",\"Leytonstone High Road (Green Man end) I can remember my mother taking me to Lyons Corner House which is now (Barclays Bank) in the High Road for a bowl of soup and a buttered roll.  Home and Colonial \",\"From Eileen Ray :  I was born in a Nissen hut, No 132 Whipps Cross Road 1947. Im not sure but I believe the huts were used to temporarily re-home people before getting permanent lodgings. They were v\",\"Contents of this section clicking on this arrow ‘turns the page’ as if you were reading a book 1688 to 1727, the reigns of William and Mary, Anne and George I . > ...  contents page About copying part\",\"1688 to 1727, the reigns of William and Mary, Anne and George I the houses of the well-off Those who could pick and choose where to live in the 18th century favoured, for homes within a short journey \",\"Here is a map made by Chapman and Andre in 1777 by which time the Grange was the home of Thomas Blayden (also spelled Bladen). The avenues of trees are further reduced.  The ornamental lakes have slig\",\"1688 to 1727, the reigns of William and Mary, Anne and George I landscaped grounds and gardens In 1720 the Rev John Strype praised the extensive gardens of the ‘Great House’ the magnificent and beaut\",\"1688 to 1727, the reigns of William and Mary, Anne and George I landscaped grounds and gardens (continued)  The grounds of Leyton Grange House are described elsewhere on this website.  It seems signif\",\"1688 to 1727, the reigns of William and Mary, Anne and George I landscaped grounds and gardens (continued)  By 1741-45 when John Roque was mapping the area its grounds were unimpressive.  From front a\",\"Plant nurseries  Planting of foreign trees, particularly north American, became a hobby of the rich.  The nursery ground once run by Adam Holt was continued by John Hay 1759 to 1792, James Hill 1761 t\",\"Plant nurseries  The 17th century diarist John Evelyn was an enthusiast for ornamental gardens and grounds.  The nurseryman Adam Holt was paying rates from 1710 to 1729 on a large area of ground near \",\"Transport The poor Religion; nonconformity Alcohol consumption and pubs Contents of this section clicking on this arrow ‘turns the page’ as if you were reading a book 1727 accession of George II to 17\",\"1688 to 1727, the reigns of William and Mary, Anne and George I the design of houses for the wealthy The Great House on Leyton High Road was probably built around 1705 to 1710 by Fisher Tench, and is \",\"1688 to 1727, the reigns of William and Mary, Anne and George I the design of houses for the wealthy (continued) Leyton Grange House is described elsewhere on this website.  It may have been  comparab\",\"the design of houses for the wealthy Knotts Green House was rebuilt on older foundations soon after Gilbert Slater bought the property in 1785, making it the highest rated private property in Leyton a\",\"landscaped grounds and gardens We do not know when the grounds of Knotts Green House were given their fundamental design.  Late 19th century plans show trees closely planted around the edges of fields\",\"1688 to 1727, the reigns of William and Mary, Anne and George I the design of houses for the wealthy (continued) A map of 1728 by Richard Cushee seems to show Ruckholt House with 2 long narrow wings, \",\"landscaped grounds and gardens (continued)  We do not know when the grounds of Knotts Green House were given their fundamental design.  Late 19th century plans show trees closely planted around the ed\",\"the design of houses for the wealthy (continued)  In his map of 1741-44 John Roque shows a house in roughly the same position and similar alignment and size to Leytonstone House but that building is g\",\"Landowners   Sir John Strange, a lawyer, lived at Leyton Grange House from 1735 and from 1737 was a member of parliament for West Looe as a member of Robert Walpole’s government.  From 1742 until his \",\"1688 to 1727, the reigns of William and Mary, Anne and George I immigrant landowners King James II fled overwhelming opposition to his Catholic religion and strong central rule, but the Dutch prince W\",\"1688 to 1727, the reigns of William and Mary, Anne and George I landowners Nathaniel Tench had a house in Leyton by 1684 {Holcroft}.  The name has been given as  medieval England aristocracy and as of\",\"The landscape Transport The poor Education pubs Contents of this section clicking on this arrow ‘turns the page’ as if you were reading a book 1642 - 1688, Civil War to Glorious Revolution . > ...  co\",\"Landowners in the Civil War and the Commonwealth 1642 - 1688, Civil War to Glorious Revolution Ownership of the manor of Leyton Grange was split 3 ways during the Civil War, which seems like an except\",\"1688 to 1727, the reigns of William and Mary, Anne and George I John Strype The vicar of the parish church of St Mary’s, John Strype, had been there since 1669, but after William III seized the throne\",\"Landowners  (continued)   Thomas Bladen had briefly been Governor of Maryland before he made Leyton Grange his home around 1754 and was self-effacing.  He died in 1780 and was succeeded at the Grange \",\"1688 to 1727, the reigns of William and Mary, Anne and George I Landowners (continued)  The Lawrence Moyer who inherited the family property (on what is now the south side of Hainault Road near the ju\",\"Leyton County High School for Girls, Colworth Road  Miss Foot’s class 1938-39 : Back row : Rita Knowling, Joyce Multon, Gwen Grout, Joan Davis, Audrey Naylor, Gwen Mead, Margaret Orriss, Alma [surname\",\"More about Kingston Road Kingston Road Leytonstone Kingston Road was first laid out by landowners the Manby-Colegrave family around 1879-1882, and had the name Melrose Road until 1903 or 1904. We do n\",\"More about Chichester Road Chichester Road Leytonstone Residents celebrate on 30th August 1919 negotiation of the peace treaty after the Great War (which later had to be renamed the First World War) C\",\"Chichester Road Leytonstone Street party in 1953 to celebrate the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II; Photo supplied by Derek Lawes Back to the streets index \",\"Contents of this section clicking on this arrow ‘turns the page’ as if you were reading a book 1793 (execution of Louis XVI of France)  to 1837 (accession of Queen Victoria) . > ...  contents page Abo\",\"the landscape 1  A Gazetteer of Sites in Essex Associated with Humphry Repton, edited by Fiona Cowell and Georgina Green Either side of Lea Bridge Road was grass in 1800 2.  From Whipps Cross south an\",\"the landscape (continued)  Arable and meadow were thought in 1796 to be about equal, but by 1843 there were 912 acres of grass to 605 acres of arable. The reduced area under crop may explain why propo\",\"the landscape (continued)  1793 (execution of Louis XVI of France)  to 1837 (accession of Queen Victoria) Section contents Ordinary people’s homes were in clusters : between Leyton Green and Lea Bridg\",\"the big houses  1793 (execution of Louis XVI of France)  to 1837 (accession of Queen Victoria) Section contents The ownership of the prominent houses of the district near the end of this period, in th\",\"the design of houses for the wealthy 1727 accession of George II to 1793 execution of Louis XVI of France Section contents Those who could pick and choose where to live in the 18th century favoured, f\",\"The area covered  This very short history of Leyton and Leytonstone is about an area - the parish, Urban District and Borough of Leyton - which no longer has any official  existence.  But it does have\",\"The terrain The district covered by this history is highest at the northeast corner, Leytonstone, and lowest along the Lea marshes to the west and south-west, which used to be called Low Leyton.  The \",\"the first settlement by human beings A Victorian resident of Hackney, Worthington G Smith, also known as Worthington-Smith discovered a ‘Palaeolithic (ie early Stone Age) North East London Working Flo\",\"The New Stone Age Between 4000 BC and 2000 BC people following the Neolithic (New Stone Age) way of life - farming of crops and animals and use of pottery - brought about a reduction in trees, particu\",\"The Bronze Age Tree cover of Britain reduced in the Bronze Age, though the proportion that remained is unclear 1.  Farming communities became established.   A number of features and objects dating bac\",\"Ancient Routes Leytonstone High Road follows a ridge of high ground and as a traffic route it is ancient.  “The ground slopes down to the Lea westwards across Leyton, the High Road using the beginning\",\"The Iron Age Archaeological finds from the Iron Age found at locations within Walthamstow and its marshes show human settlement continued there, and presumably Leyton Marshes as well. Ritual killings \",\"The Iron Age (continued) There has been some rethinking recently about the inhabitants of England at the time it was brought into the Roman Empire.  They spoke the same language as people on the other\",\"The Romano-British period Roads continued Sections of a Roman road have been identified running from Great Dunmow to Chigwell (the High Road).  A continuation of the route from Chigwell to Wanstead is\",\"The Romano-British period Roads The section of Lea Bridge Road from Whipps Cross to Knotts Green may follow the route of a Roman road.  It is the boundary between the parishes of Walthamstow and Leyto\",\"The Romano-British period Roads continued The road from Leyton might have been part of the measures to prevent a recurrence of Boadicea’s rebellion but fell out of use quickly.  There were no objects \",\"The Romano-British period Agriculture and settlement The right-angle bend in Church Road is an old feature and Roman coins were found in its inner angle.  A large subterranean structure was found near\",\"1642 - 1688, Civil War to Glorious Revolution On the Royalist side Charles Goring married Alice Baker who had inherited Forest House on the death of her husband Thomas.  The Bakers had lived in Suffol\",\"1642 - 1688, Civil War to Glorious Revolution Landowners following the Restoration of Charles II After the Restoration Lawrence Moyer took the Oaths of Supremacy and Allegiance as a member of Trinity \",\"1642 - 1688, Civil War to Glorious Revolution Care for the Poor A bequest from a John Smith paid for the construction of almshouses near the parish church in the 1650s. Robert Harrington built up a su\",\"Landowners following the Restoration of Charles II cont’d In 1681 James Houblon, son of a Huguenot refugee, took over Forest House in 1682.  He was friendly with Samuel Pepys - they both helped create\",\"1642 - 1688, Civil War to Glorious Revolution Temple Mills John Berisford was a major supplier of gunpowder to the Parliamentary side of the Civil War from Temple Mills and Sewardstone Mills, but in t\",\"1642 - 1688, Civil War to Glorious Revolution Pubs The Green Man inn was established an unknown length of time before 1660.  The Plough and Harrow appears in the records in 1651 and the Robin Hood in \",\"Dyers Hall Road Photo of VE Day party.  Dyers Hall Road was in an angle where the London Midland railway line (viaduct in the background) crossed over the line between Liverpool Street and Epping from\",\"Lancaster Road Leytonstone Lancaster Road was first occupied some time in 1870 or 1871.  It was altered at the eastern end by development in the 1960s of Council housing.  The origin of the street nam\",\"Site home page Leyton & Leytonstone Historical Society offers these magazine style articles : The elegant house of Leyton Grange Should we celebrate the solstice on Capworth Street ? The Silk Road to \",\" A young redhead has a quiet time in Leyton  London has been a place for free spirits, drawing in exceptional personalities from other parts of the British Isles and further away, but it is not the su\",\" A young redhead has a quiet time in Leyton  At this stage of his life Shaw wanted to be a novelist and had just started writing ‘Love Among the Artists’, of which he had high hopes.  Shaw’s first kno\",\"The Bronze Age (continued) It is possible that the alignment of later roads, parish boundaries and field edges between the Walthamstow side of Leyton and the Fillebrook stream reflected a field system\",\"Poppleton Road Leytonstone VE Day party (photo supplied by Mrs Worf) Poppleton Road was first occupied some time around 1894 to 1896.  	It was developed as part of the Walwood Park Building Estate by \",\"Rhodesia Road Photos of VE Day Party for residents of Rhodesia Road and parts of Grove Green and Norlington Roads, courtesy of Mrs Worf Rhodesia Road was first occupied some time around 1901 to 1905. \",\"the Anglo-Saxon period  1   P R Thrale and Peter Moore ‘Report On The Archaeological Excavations At Thorne Close, Avenue Estate, Leytonstone’ 2/8/95 The Scandinavian invaders The Vikings who invaded E\",\"Photos of classes 1955 to 1958 from Sue Lakeman (a fifth one, of those who had been selected from the ‘11 Plus’ examinations to go to Grammar School, is below) Mayville School Back to the schools inde\",\"Street parties in Ashville Road celebrating the end of the Second World War.  The groups are in front of number 174, soon to be the home of Sue Lakeman who has provided the photos. Ashville Road Leyto\",\"Leyton County High School for Girls, Colworth Road  Pupils of Leyton County High School for Girls : above taken in 1960 in the grounds and right coming down the steps at the front, in 1963.  Photos pr\");");
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